
Young’s modulus is a material property that measures a material's stiffness—its ability to resist deformation under tensile or compressive stress. It quantifies the relationship between stress and strain in the elastic region of a material’s stress-strain curve (it is the slope of the linear part of the curve), where deformation is reversible. The formula for...

Ultimate strength refers to the maximum stress a material can withstand before failure, regardless of whether the failure occurs due to fracture or significant plastic deformation. It represents the peak stress value on a stress-strain diagram and is a key property in material selection and mechanical design. When discussing ultimate strength, the most common reference...

Yield strength is the stress level at which a material begins to deform plastically, meaning that beyond this point, deformation is permanent and the material will not return to its original shape when the load is removed. It marks the end of the elastic region and the beginning of the plastic region on a stress-strain...

Strain hardening, also known as work hardening, is the phenomenon where a material becomes stronger and harder as it undergoes plastic deformation. It occurs after the yield point, in the plastic region of the stress-strain curve, where the material continues to deform under increasing stress. After yielding, if the material is further loaded, it does...

Necking is a localized reduction in cross-sectional area that occurs in ductile materials after they reach their ultimate tensile strength (UTS) during a tensile test. As the material is stretched beyond the UTS, plastic deformation becomes concentrated in one region, causing a visible narrowing, or "neck," in the specimen. This phenomenon signals the transition from...

Fracture is the final stage of material failure, occurring when a material can no longer withstand applied stress and breaks apart. The nature of fracture depends on the material’s ductility and loading conditions, and it is broadly classified into ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Ductile Fracture Ductile fracture occurs after significant plastic deformation, often involving...

Elastic recovery refers to the tendency of a material to partially return to its original shape after a load is removed, even if some plastic deformation has occurred. While the elastic portion of the deformation is fully recovered, any plastic deformation remains permanent. This behavior is observed in both purely elastic loading and in cases...

The proportional limit is the maximum stress at which a material maintains a linear relationship between stress and strain, meaning it strictly follows Hooke’s Law (σ = E × ε). Up to this point, stress is directly proportional to strain, and the material behaves elastically, meaning it will return to its original shape once the...
Young’s modulus is a material property that measures a material's stiffness—its ability to resist def...
There is a subtle but meaningful distinction between Young’s modulus and the modulus of elasticity ,...
Ultimate strength refers to the maximum stress a material can withstand before failure, regardless...
Yield strength is the stress level at which a material begins to deform plastically , meaning that...
Some materials, particularly mild steels and certain low-carbon alloys , exhibit both an upper yield...
Strain hardening , also known as work hardening , is the phenomenon where a material becomes stronger...
Necking is a localized reduction in cross-sectional area that occurs in ductile materials after they...
Fracture is the final stage of material failure, occurring when a material can no longer withstand...
Elastic recovery refers to the tendency of a material to partially return to its original shape after...
The proportional limit is the maximum stress at which a material maintains a linear relationship between...