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  • Contents
  • What is Engineering Technology?
    • National Academies Report: Engineering Technology in the United States
    • Definition of Engineering Technology
    • Differences between Engineering and Engineering Technology
    • Overview of Engineering Technology Fields
    • Career Opportunities in Engineering Technology
      • Featured ET Alumni
    • Can an Engineering Technology Major Become a Professional Engineer (PE)?
    • Prepare for Engineering Technology
      • Code Camp
        • Code Camp – Day 1
        • Code Camp – Day 2
        • Code Camp – Day 3
        • Code Camp – Day 4
        • Code Camp – Day 5
          • Papercraft: XOR Gate
        • Code Camp – Day 6
          • Papercraft: Half Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 7
          • Papercraft: 4-Bit Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 8
          • Papercraft: Turing Machine
        • Code Camp – Day 9
        • Code Camp – Day 10
      • E-Day Measurement Challenge
      • E-Day – CNC Challenges
  • ET Curriculum and Lecture Notes
    • Course Notes – Computer-Aided Design (Siemens NX) 4472
      • Semester Project
      • NX Unit 1
      • NX Unit 2
      • NX Unit 3
      • NX Unit 4
      • NX Unit 5
      • NX Test 1
      • NX Unit 6
      • NX Unit 7
      • NX Unit 8
      • NX Unit 9
      • NX Unit 10
      • NX Test 2
      • NX Unit 11
      • NX Unit 12
      • NX Unit 13
      • NX Unit 14
      • NX Unit 15
      • NX Test 3
    • Course Notes – CNC and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
      • CAM Lab Assignments
        • Common Setup Files
        • CNC Lab Safety
        • Maze Lab – Mill
        • Maze Lab – Lathe
        • Initials Lab
        • Engraving Lab
        • Engraving Lab – AutoCAD
        • Cutter Compensation
        • Keychain Project
        • Drilling Spreadsheet
        • Injection Mold Project
        • Lathe Programming Spreadsheet
    • Course Notes – Engineering Graphics
      • Lab Assignments – Engineering Graphics
        • AutoCAD Lab 1 – Essential Commands
        • AutoCAD Lab 2 – Using CAD Drawings
        • AutoCAD Lab 3 – Drawing Efficiently
        • AutoCAD Lab 4 – Geometric Construction
        • AutoCAD Lab 5 – Orthographic Projection
        • AutoCAD Lab 6 – Auxiliary Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 7 – Section Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 8 – Dimension Styles
        • AutoCAD Lab 9 – Dihedral Angle
        • AutoCAD Lab 10 – Intersecting Planes
      • Homework Assignments – Engineering Graphics
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes I
      • Machining Lab Videos
        • Part 1 – Safety in the Machine Shop
        • Part 2 – Machining the Handle (Part A)
          • Machining Lab – Sawing
          • Machining Lab – Layout
          • Machining Lab – Center Drilling
          • Machining Lab – Straight Turning
          • Machining Lab – Knurling
        • Part 3 – Machining the Handle (Part B)
          • Machining Lab – Turning a Shoulder
          • Machining Lab – Face, Chamfer, Thread, Form Turning
        • Part 4 – Machining the Hammer Head
          • Machining Lab – Band Sawing, Facing, Milling, Drilling, Tapping
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes II
      • Manufacturing Processes II Lab Assignments
        • Lab Safety
        • Measurement Instruments
        • AutoCAD Review
          • AutoCAD Review Part 1
          • AutoCAD Review Part 2
          • AutoCAD Review Part 3
          • AutoCAD Review Part 4
          • AutoCAD Review Part 5
          • AutoCAD Review Part 6
        • Mechanical Testing Lab Assignments
          • Tensile Strength in Design
          • Tensile Testing – Pasco
          • Shear Test – Wood
          • Hardness Test – Ames
          • Hardness Test – SPI
        • Fixed Cantilever Lab
        • GD&T Inspections
        • Threaded Adapter
        • Powder Metallurgy
        • Plastics: Components, Processes, and Materials
        • Injection Molding
        • CNC Plasma Cutting
      • Study Guides
    • Course Notes – Quality Improvement
    • Course Notes – Statics and Strengths of Materials
    • Course Notes – Tool Design
      • Tool Design Lab Assignments
        • Tool Design Lab Safety
        • Machining Review
        • Tool Design Spreadsheet
        • Engraver Project
          • Limits and Fits Reference
        • Reamer Design
    • Senior Projects
      • Current Project Proposals
        • STEM HUB Management System
        • XRP Lift Mechanism and Carrier Design
        • Pet Stain Detector
        • Water Tank Process Control Demo
        • Brew System Automation
        • Mobile Robot
        • Web Controlled Arm
        • Bathroom Scale with Pulse Ox
        • Pothole Mapper
        • Pond Drum Skimmer
        • Embedded RFID Tags in Pool Cues
        • Dynics OT Network Solution for Automation and Robotics Lab
        • VEX U Robotics Competition
        • SICK Lidar Competition
        • Benchtop Shear with Fence
        • TECH 1411 Lab Project Development
        • Vanguard – Optimized Future in Consumer Products
        • Avery Dennison RFID Project
      • QR Code Generator
  • Fundamentals of Engineering Technology
    • Mathematics for Engineering Technology
      • Geometry
    • Physics for Engineering Technology
      • Fundamental Quantities
        • Mass
      • Electrical Fundamentals
        • Circuit Analysis
    • Chemistry for Engineering Technology
  • Electronics
    • Electronic Components
      • Resistors
  • Engineering Design Graphics
    • The Engineering Design Process
      • Design Constraints
        • Functional Constraints
        • Safety Constraints
        • Quality Constraints
        • Manufacturing Constraints
        • Timing Constraints
        • Economic Constraints
        • Ergonomic Constraints
        • Ecological Constraints
        • Aesthetic Constraints
        • Life-Cycle Constraints
        • Legal and Ethical Constraints
      • Engineering Design Assumptions
      • Design Methodologies
        • Concurrent Design
        • Design for Manufacturing (DFM)
        • Design for Assembly (DFA)
      • Risk Mitigation through Design
        • FMEA – Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
      • Intellectual Standards and Engineering Design Documentation
        • Clarity
        • Accuracy
        • Precision
        • Depth
        • Breadth
        • Relevance
        • Significance
        • Objectivity
        • Logic
      • Sketching
    • Drawing Instruments
      • Pencils and Lead
      • Paper
        • Folding Engineering Drawings
      • Drawing Boards and T-Squares
      • Compasses
      • Dividers
      • Triangles
      • Scales
        • Worksheets – Rulers and Scales
      • Erasers
      • Protractors
      • Dry Cleaning Pad
      • Drafting Brush
      • Eraser Shield
      • French Curve
      • Drafting Tape
      • Circle and Shape Templates
    • Line Conventions and Lettering
      • Lettering
        • Worksheets – Lettering
      • Width and Types of Lines
      • Visible Lines
      • Hidden Lines
      • Section Lining
      • Center Lines
      • Symmetry Lines
      • Dimension, Extension, and Leader lines
      • Cutting Plane Line
    • Applied and Descriptive Geometry
      • Geometry Review
        • Geometric Solids
          • Tetrahedron
          • Octahedron
          • Dodecahedron
            • Euclid’s Development of the Dodecahedron
        • Thale's Theorem
      • Geometric Construction
        • Bisect a Line (Compass Method)
        • Bisect an Angle (Compass Method)
        • Construct a Circle from Three Points
        • Construct Tangent from a Point – Bisector Method
        • Construct a Tangent Line to a Point on a Circle
        • Construct a Triangle from Three Sides
        • Divide a Chart Axis
        • Divide a Line into Equal Divisions
        • Drop a Perpendicular Line
        • Parallel Line through a Given Point
        • Offset a Given Distance
        • Worksheets – Geometric Construction
      • Descriptive Geometry
        • Worksheets – Descriptive Geometry
    • Graphical Projection Systems
      • Parallel Projection
        • Axonometric Projection
          • Isometric Projection
            • Worksheets – Isometric Projection
            • Isometric Graph Paper
          • Dimetric Projection
          • Trimetric Projection
        • Oblique Projection
          • Worksheets – Oblique Projection
        • Orthographic Projection
          • Third-Angle Projection
          • First-Angle Projection
          • Miter Line
          • Worksheets – Orthographic Projection
      • Perspective Projection
        • Single-Point Perspective
        • Two-Point Perspective
        • Three-Point Perspective
    • Auxiliary Views
      • Worksheets – Auxiliary Views
    • Section Views
      • Standard Hatch Patterns
      • Full Section
      • Half Section
      • Broken-Out Section
      • Revolved Section
      • Removed Section
      • Sectioning Assemblies
      • Worksheets – Section Views
    • Dimensioning
      • Fundamental Dimensioning Rules
        • Inch Vs. Millimeter Dimensioning Differences Chart
        • Rules for Dimension Lines
        • Rules for Extension Lines
        • Rules for Leader Lines (Leaders)
        • Reading Direction
        • Reference Dimensions
      • Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
        • General Tolerances
        • Form Tolerances
          • Roundness or Circularity
          • Straightness
          • Flatness
      • Ordinate Dimensions
      • Tabulated Dimensions
      • Model-Based Definition
    • Working Drawings
      • The Importance of Working Drawings as Legal Documents
      • Types of Engineering Drawings
        • Assembly Drawing
        • Detail Drawing
        • Schematic or Circuit Diagram
        • Printed Circuit Board Diagram
      • Multiview Drawings
      • Revisions to Engineering Drawings
      • Sample Working Drawings
    • Graphical Calculators and Nomograms
      • Slide Rule
      • Alignment Graph (Nomogram)
      • Logarithmic Nomogram – Multiplication
    • CAD – Siemens NX
      • NX Tutorials
        • NX Tutorial Video 1 – User Interface
        • NX Tutorial Video 2 – Drafting Workflow
        • NX Tutorial Video 3 – Expressions Editor
        • NX Tutorial Video 4A – Sketch & Revolve
        • NX Tutorial Video 4B – Datums and Features
        • NX Tutorial Video 4C – Pattern Feature
      • NX Basic Modeling Workflow
        • NX Master Model Concept
        • NX Units – Important Note
        • Design Intent
        • Parametric Modeling
      • NX View Controls
        • NX Layers
      • NX Part Navigator
      • NX Sketch Task Environment
        • NX Sketch Color Codes
        • NX Sketch Navigator
      • NX Measure Tool
      • NX Expressions Editor
      • Associative Copy Commands
        • Extract Geometry
      • NX Assemblies
        • NX Exploded Views
        • NX Extraction Path
      • NX Part Families
      • NX Curves
        • NX Law Curves
          • Roots Blower Profile
          • Gear Generator Model
      • NX Surface Modeling
        • Surface Continuity (G0, G1, G2, G3)
        • NX Mesh Surfaces
          • NX Extrude Sheet Body
          • NX Ruled Surface
          • NX Through Curves
          • NX Through Curve Mesh
          • NX N-Sided Surface
        • NX Sweep Features
          • NX Section Surface
          • NX Swept
            • NX Swept – Angular Law Orientation
          • NX Sweep Along Guide
      • NX Drafting
        • Setting Up Drawing Templates
        • NX Drafting Preferences
        • NX Hole Table
        • NX Partially Shaded Drafting Views
        • NX Render Sets
        • Create a Custom Symbol in NX
        • NX Drafting Symbol Control Characters
        • NX Drafting – Visibility of Objects
        • NX View Break
      • NX Algorithmic Modeling
      • NX Implicit Modeling
      • JT File Format and Viewers
      • NX Sheet Metal
    • CAD – AutoCAD
      • AutoCAD Sample Files
      • Zen and the Art of AutoCAD
    • Design Problems
      • M40 Glow Plug Engine
        • Crankcase Group
          • Crankcase
          • Connecting Rod
          • Crankshaft
          • Wrist Pin
          • Piston
          • Cylinder Liner
          • Head Gasket
          • Cylinder Head
          • Glow Plug
          • Cover Plate
          • Cover Plate Gasket
        • Fuel System
          • Carburetor Assembly
            • Carb Body Assembly
              • Carb Body
              • Jet Molding
            • Throttle Arm
            • Carb Rotor
            • Carb Hardware
          • Fuel Line
          • Needle Valve Assembly
            • Valve Body Assembly
              • Valve Body Overmolding
              • Valve Body
            • Detent Spring
            • Needle
            • Needle Valve Bracket
            • Needle Valve Hardware
          • Fuel Tank Assembly
            • Fuel Tank
        • Exhaust System
          • Silencer Body
          • Silencer Baffle
          • Silencer Tail
        • Power Connection Group
          • Prop Nut
          • Drive Hub
          • Thrust Washer
      • Parametric Fuel Tank
      • Mold Design – Rotational Molding
      • Carnivore 212
        • Carnivore 212 Parts List
      • Bike Repair Stand
      • Bike Light Housing
      • 30 Note Music Box
      • Phone Holder
      • Guitar Pedalboard
      • Sandbox Digger
    • References – Engineering Design Graphics
  • Machine Elements & Features
    • The Classical Simple Machines
      • Inclined Plane
      • Lever
        • Class 1 Lever
        • Class 2 Lever
        • Class 3 Lever
      • Wheel and Axle
      • Screw
      • Pulley
      • Wedge
    • Design Features
      • Holes
      • Screw Threads
        • Screw Thread Manufacturing
          • Thread Whirling
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Actual
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Conventional
        • Screw Thread Terminology
          • Allowance
          • Basic Form Profile
          • Chamfer
          • Crest
          • Flank
          • Flank Angle
          • Form
          • Height
          • Helix
          • Lead
          • Lead and Helix Angles
          • Major Diameter
          • Minor Diameter
          • Pitch
          • Pitch Diameter
            • Thread Wire Calculator – Best Wire Size
            • Pitch Diameter Calculator – Three Wire Method
          • Root
          • Starts
          • TPI – Threads Per Inch
          • Thread Angle
        • Screw Thread Designation
          • Unified Inch Screw Threads – Designation
            • Unified Screw Threads Introduction
            • Nominal Size (Basic Major Diameter)
            • Threads Per Inch
            • Thread Form Symbol
            • Thread Pitch Series Symbol
              • Graded Pitch Series
              • Constant Pitch Series
              • Special Pitch Series
            • Thread Class
            • External or Internal Thread Designation
            • Left-Hand Threads
      • Knurls
      • Fillets and Rounds
      • Splines
      • Draft Angle
      • Chamfers
      • Tapers
    • Cogs, Gears, and Sprockets
      • Harmonic Drive
      • Gear Manufacturing
        • Gear Shaping
        • Powder Metal Gear Manufacturing
        • Gear Hobbing
        • Machining Gears
        • Gear Skiving
        • Gear Casting
        • Injection Molding of Gears
        • AGMA – American Gear Manufacturers Association
      • Gear Types
      • Gear Design & Specification
        • Involute Curve
    • Linkages
      • Over Center Linkages
    • Fasteners
      • Threaded Fasteners
        • See Also: Screw Threads
    • Tool Fittings and Recesses
  • Engineering Materials
    • Mechanical Properties of Materials
      • Strength
        • Load (Mechanical Design)
        • Force (Mechanical Design)
          • Weight
          • Newton
          • Pound-force
        • Stress (Mechanical Design)
          • Tensile Stress
          • Compressive Stress
          • Shear Stress
          • Torsional Stress
          • Flexural Stress
          • Engineering Stress Vs. True Stress
        • Deformation (Mechanical Design)
        • Strain (Mechanical Design)
        • Stress-Strain Diagram
          • Young’s Modulus
            • Other Moduli of Elasticity
          • Ultimate Strength
          • Yield Strength
            • Upper & Lower Yield Strength
          • Strain Hardening
          • Necking
          • Fracture
          • Elastic Recovery (Springback)
          • Proportional Limit
      • Hardness
      • Elasticity
        • Elastic Limit
        • Resilience
      • Toughness
      • Plasticity
        • Ductility
        • Malleability
      • Fatigue Strength
        • Endurance Limit
      • Creep Resistance
    • Metals and Alloys
      • Ferrous Metals
        • Steel
          • Stainless Steels
            • Austenitic Stainless Steels
            • Ferritic Stainless Steels
            • Martensitic Stainless Steels
            • Duplex Stainless Steels
            • Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels
          • Tool Steels
            • A Series Cold Work Tool Steels
            • H Series Hot Work Tool Steels
            • W Series Carbon Tool Steels
            • T & M Series High Speed Tool Steels
          • Other Steel Classifications
          • Electrical Steel
          • Maraging Steel
        • Cast Iron
          • Gray Iron
          • White Iron
          • Malleable Iron
          • Ductile (Nodular) Iron
        • Wrought Iron
        • Ferrous Metallurgy
          • Iron Carbon Phase Diagram
          • Heat Treatment of Steel
            • Scale Formation & Prevention
            • Differential Surface Chemistry Processes
              • Pack Carburizing
            • Selective Surface Heating Processes
          • Steelmaking
            • Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
            • See: AIST Steel Wheel Reference
      • Nonferrous Metals
        • Aluminum
          • The Aluminum Association
          • Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation System
            • 1000 Series Aluminum (Pure)
            • 2000 Series Aluminum (Copper)
            • 3000 Series Aluminum (Manganese)
            • 4000 Series Aluminum (Silicon)
            • 5000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium)
            • 6000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium + Silicon)
            • 7000 Series Aluminum (Zinc)
          • Aluminum Standards
        • Copper
          • Copper Alloys
            • Free Machining Brass
            • ToughMet Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloys
          • Copper Development Association
        • Lead
        • Magnesium
          • International Magnesium Association
        • Nickel
          • Nickel Institute
        • Titanium
          • International Titanium Association
        • Zinc
      • Atomic Structure of Metals
      • ASM International
    • Industrial Gasses
      • Acetylene
      • Argon
      • Carbon Dioxide
      • Oxygen
      • Compressed Gas Cylinder Colors
    • Polymers
      • Elastomers
        • Silicone Rubber
    • Ceramics, Glass, and Carbon
      • Polycrystalline Diamond
      • Aluminum Oxide
      • The American Ceramics Society
      • Tungsten Carbide
      • Silicon Carbide
    • Wood Products
      • Lumber – Mechanical Defects
      • Unbleached Kraft Linerboard
    • Engineering Fluids and Lubricants
      • Petroleum Products
        • SAE Motor Oil Viscosity Ratings
        • Gasoline (Petrol)
          • Octane Ratings
      • See Also: Coatings
    • ASTM International
    • Material Geometry and Configurations
  • Manufacturing Processes & Technology
    • Separating Processes
      • Machining Processes (Mechanical Separating)
        • Machine Tools
        • Milling Machines and Operations
          • Milling Operations, Tools, and Strategies
            • Climb Milling And Conventional Milling
            • Right and Left Handed End Mills
            • Boring Head – Mill
            • Face Milling
            • Contour Milling
            • DFM – Reducing Costs of Machined Fillets
            • Side Milling
            • Slot Milling
            • End Mill Geometry
              • Dish Angle
              • Flute
              • Gash
              • Heel
              • Helix Angle
              • Peripheral Cutting Edge
              • Primary Relief Angle
              • Primary Relief Land
              • Rake Angle
              • Secondary Relief Angle
              • Secondary Relief Land
            • High Feed Mills
        • Grinding and Abrasive Machining
          • Water Jet Cutting
          • Surface Grinding
          • Handheld Grinding
          • Tool and Cutter Grinding
          • Creep Feed Grinding
          • Media Blasting
            • Shot Blasting and Peening
            • Vapor Blasting
            • Abrasive Blasting Media
          • Lapping
        • Lathes and Turning Operations
          • Lathe Components and Configurations
            • Swing
            • Distance Between Centers
            • Spindle Bore Diameter
          • Lathe Operations
            • Straight Turning
            • Facing
            • Taper Turning
            • Boring
            • Contour Turning
            • Form Turning
            • Parting, Parting Off
            • Drilling on a Lathe
              • Center Drilling
            • Internal Threading
            • External Threading
            • Grooving or Necking
            • Knurling
        • Drilling and Holemaking
          • Drill Tip Depth Calculator
          • Drill Press
          • DFM – Hole Design Strategies
        • Machining Parameters
          • Cutting Speed (Vc)
          • Feed Rate (F)
          • Depth of Cut (ap and ae)
          • Machining Plastics
          • Machining Titanium
        • Sawing
          • Band Sawing
            • Convoluted Foam Cutting (Egg Crate)
        • Shapers and Planers
      • Thermal Separating
        • Laser Beam Cutting
        • Oxyfuel Gas Cutting
        • Plasma Cutting
        • Air Carbon Arc Gouging
        • Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
          • Wire EDM
          • Sinker (or Ram) EDM
      • Chemical Separating Processes
        • Photochemical Machining
    • Casting Processes
      • Casting Terminology
        • Core (Casting)
      • Sand Casting
        • Match Plate Pattern
        • Flaskless Casting
        • Sand Casting Procedure
      • Polymer Casting
      • Die Casting
        • Die Casting Terminology
        • Hot and Cold Chamber Die Casting Machines
      • Continuous Casting
        • Continuous Upward Casting
      • Centrifugal Casting
      • Rubber Mold Casting
      • Rubber Plaster Mold Casting
    • Forming Processes
      • Sheet, Wire, and Tube Forming Processes
        • Section Bending
        • Wire Winding
        • Sheet Metal Processes
          • Shearing
            • Right Angle Shearing
            • Slitting (Sheet Metal Process)
          • Punching
            • Blanking (Sheet Metal Process)
            • Turret Punch Press
          • Bending (Sheet Metal Process)
            • Sheet Metal Brakes
              • Automated Bending Centers
              • Press Brakes
          • Incremental Sheet Forming
          • Embossing
          • Spinning
          • Stamping
      • Bulk Forming Processes
      • Power Presses
    • Polymer Processes
      • Rotational Molding
      • Hot Wire Foam Cutting
      • See Also: Polymer Casting
      • See Also: Machining Plastics
      • Injection Molding
        • Overmolding
        • Injection Molding Defects
          • Warpage (Molding Defect)
          • Sink Marks
          • Flash
          • Short Shots
          • Weld Lines
          • Splay Marks
          • Jetting
          • Burn Marks
          • Voids and Air Traps
          • Overpacking
          • Delamination
      • Extrusion (Plastics)
      • Composites Manufacturing Processes
        • Adaptive Mold Technology
      • Compression Molding
      • Blow Molding
        • Extrusion Blow Molding
        • Injection Blow Molding
    • Surface and Edge Modification
      • Functional and Decorative Texturing
        • Half-Moon Flaking
        • Laser Texturing
      • Surface Texture: Roughness, Waviness and Lay
        • Surface Texture: Lay
          • Crossed Lay
      • Coatings
        • Organic Coatings
          • Primers
          • Drying Oils
          • Varnish
            • Spirit Varnish (Shellac)
          • Lacquer
          • Enamels
          • Latex Paints
          • Bituminous Coatings
          • Synthetic Coating Resins
          • Coating Methods
            • Spray Coating
            • Powder Coating
              • Masking Features before Powder Coating
            • Electrocoating (E-Coating)
        • Inorganic Coatings
          • Conversion Coatings
            • Aluminum Anodizing
            • Chromate Conversion Coatings
              • Alodine
              • Iridite
              • Zinc Chromate Coatings
          • Zinc Coatings
            • Zinc Plating Dyes
      • Cleaning
        • Ultrasonic Cleaning
        • Solvent Cleaning
          • Vapor Degreasing
        • Aqueous Cleaning
        • Descaling Processes
      • See Also: Media Blasting
    • Thermal Joining
      • Welding
        • Arc Welding
          • Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
          • Flux-Core Arc Welding (FCAW)
          • Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
          • Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
          • Arc Stud Welding (SW)
        • Unique Welding Processes
          • Flash Welding
          • Thermite Welding
      • Soldering
    • Glass Processes
      • Glass Blow Molding
    • Additive Manufacturing
      • Binder Jetting Processes
      • Directed Energy Deposition
    • Workholding
      • Layout and Setup Tooling
        • Layout Dye
        • Sine Bar
        • Bench Block
        • V-Blocks
        • 1-2-3 Blocks
        • Expanding Mandrels
        • Surface Gauge
        • Adjustable Parallels
        • Planer Gauge
    • Assembly and Mechanical Joining
      • Sealing
        • IP Ratings
        • O-Rings
  • Metrology
    • Measurement Practice Sheets
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (8 and 16 divisions)
      • Tape Measure Practice Sheets (16 and 32 Divisions)
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (Inch with 32 and 64 divisions)
      • Machinists Rule Practice Sheets – inch (10 & 100 divisions)
      • Dial Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Vernier Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Micrometer Practice Sheets (inch & mm)
      • Inch Dial Caliper Practice Sheets
      • Inch Dial Caliper Animation
    • Measuring Devices
      • Reference Standards
        • Gauge Blocks
        • Surface Plates
          • Other Granite Master Tools
        • Pin Gauge
      • Hole and Cylinder Measure
        • Three-Point Micrometer
        • Bore Gauge
        • Inside Hole Calipers
        • Telescoping Bore Gauge
        • Inside Micrometer
        • Small Bore Gauge
        • Coaxial Indicator
      • Graduated Instruments
        • How to Read a Tape Measure (Inches)
          • Fractions and Decimals on an Inch Tape Measure
        • Vernier Caliper – Metric
        • How to Read an Inch Machinist’s Rule – 10 & 100
        • How to Read Dial Calipers – Inch
        • Micrometers
          • Indicating Micrometers
      • Comparison Gauges
        • Feeler Gauge
        • Go-No Go Gauge
          • Snap Gauge
          • Ring Gauge
          • Flush-Pin Gauge
        • Center Gauge
        • Surface Finish Comparator
        • Optical Comparator (Profile Projector)
        • Radius Gauge
        • Thread Pitch Gauge
        • Optical Flat
    • Calibration and Traceability
      • NIST – The National Institute of Standards and Technology
      • The Moore M48 Coordinate Measuring Machine
  • Occupational Safety
    • Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
    • Safety Guidelines
      • Safety Guidelines – Soldering (Iron Soldering)
      • Machine Shop Safety – Eye Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Entanglement Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Impact Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Crushing Hazards
  • Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
    • History of CNC Technology
      • Tracer Lathe & Mills
    • The Language of G-Code
      • G00 – Rapid
      • G01 – Linear Interpolation
      • G02 and G03 – Circular Interpolation
      • G17, G18, and G19 – Plane Selection
      • G90 and G91 – Absolute Vs. Incremental Coordinates
  • Student Project Examples
    • Torque-Limiting Tapping Head
      • Torque-Limiting Floating Tapping Head Video
      • 4th Axis Table Quick Mount
    • Process Validation of an IACV Screw
      • Eric Ng Additional Project Files
    • Hay Hook
      • Collin Hill Additional Project Files
    • Mrs. Quackers: An IOT Integrated Duck
    • Sophomore Project – Bike Light
    • Yaskawa HC10 Machine Tending using RFID
    • Machine Tending Lathe Project
    • Yaskawa HC10 Machine Tending with Locus Vector AMR
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    • Drilling Calculators
    • Threading Calculators
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    • SME S140 – The University of Memphis
  • Home
  • Engineering Design Graphics
  • Graphical Projection Systems
  • Parallel Projection
  • Orthographic Projection
  • Worksheets – Orthographic Projection

  • Contents
  • What is Engineering Technology? 
    • National Academies Report: Engineering Technology in the United States
    • Definition of Engineering Technology
    • Differences between Engineering and Engineering Technology
    • Overview of Engineering Technology Fields
    • Career Opportunities in Engineering Technology 
      • Featured ET Alumni
    • Can an Engineering Technology Major Become a Professional Engineer (PE)?
    • Prepare for Engineering Technology 
      • Code Camp 
        • Code Camp – Day 1
        • Code Camp – Day 2
        • Code Camp – Day 3
        • Code Camp – Day 4
        • Code Camp – Day 5 
          • Papercraft: XOR Gate
        • Code Camp – Day 6 
          • Papercraft: Half Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 7 
          • Papercraft: 4-Bit Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 8 
          • Papercraft: Turing Machine
        • Code Camp – Day 9
        • Code Camp – Day 10
      • E-Day Measurement Challenge
      • E-Day – CNC Challenges
  • ET Curriculum and Lecture Notes 
    • Course Notes – Computer-Aided Design (Siemens NX) 4472 
      • Semester Project
      • NX Unit 1
      • NX Unit 2
      • NX Unit 3
      • NX Unit 4
      • NX Unit 5
      • NX Test 1
      • NX Unit 6
      • NX Unit 7
      • NX Unit 8
      • NX Unit 9
      • NX Unit 10
      • NX Test 2
      • NX Unit 11
      • NX Unit 12
      • NX Unit 13
      • NX Unit 14
      • NX Unit 15
      • NX Test 3
    • Course Notes – CNC and Computer-Aided Manufacturing 
      • CAM Lab Assignments 
        • Common Setup Files
        • CNC Lab Safety
        • Maze Lab – Mill
        • Maze Lab – Lathe
        • Initials Lab
        • Engraving Lab
        • Engraving Lab – AutoCAD
        • Cutter Compensation
        • Keychain Project
        • Drilling Spreadsheet
        • Injection Mold Project
        • Lathe Programming Spreadsheet
    • Course Notes – Engineering Graphics 
      • Lab Assignments – Engineering Graphics 
        • AutoCAD Lab 1 – Essential Commands
        • AutoCAD Lab 2 – Using CAD Drawings
        • AutoCAD Lab 3 – Drawing Efficiently
        • AutoCAD Lab 4 – Geometric Construction
        • AutoCAD Lab 5 – Orthographic Projection
        • AutoCAD Lab 6 – Auxiliary Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 7 – Section Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 8 – Dimension Styles
        • AutoCAD Lab 9 – Dihedral Angle
        • AutoCAD Lab 10 – Intersecting Planes
      • Homework Assignments – Engineering Graphics
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes I 
      • Machining Lab Videos 
        • Part 1 – Safety in the Machine Shop
        • Part 2 – Machining the Handle (Part A) 
          • Machining Lab – Sawing
          • Machining Lab – Layout
          • Machining Lab – Center Drilling
          • Machining Lab – Straight Turning
          • Machining Lab – Knurling
        • Part 3 – Machining the Handle (Part B) 
          • Machining Lab – Turning a Shoulder
          • Machining Lab – Face, Chamfer, Thread, Form Turning
        • Part 4 – Machining the Hammer Head 
          • Machining Lab – Band Sawing, Facing, Milling, Drilling, Tapping
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes II 
      • Manufacturing Processes II Lab Assignments 
        • Lab Safety
        • Measurement Instruments
        • AutoCAD Review 
          • AutoCAD Review Part 1
          • AutoCAD Review Part 2
          • AutoCAD Review Part 3
          • AutoCAD Review Part 4
          • AutoCAD Review Part 5
          • AutoCAD Review Part 6
        • Mechanical Testing Lab Assignments 
          • Tensile Strength in Design
          • Tensile Testing – Pasco
          • Shear Test – Wood
          • Hardness Test – Ames
          • Hardness Test – SPI
        • Fixed Cantilever Lab
        • GD&T Inspections
        • Threaded Adapter
        • Powder Metallurgy
        • Plastics: Components, Processes, and Materials
        • Injection Molding
        • CNC Plasma Cutting
      • Study Guides
    • Course Notes – Quality Improvement
    • Course Notes – Statics and Strengths of Materials
    • Course Notes – Tool Design 
      • Tool Design Lab Assignments 
        • Tool Design Lab Safety
        • Machining Review
        • Tool Design Spreadsheet
        • Engraver Project 
          • Limits and Fits Reference
        • Reamer Design
    • Senior Projects 
      • Current Project Proposals 
        • STEM HUB Management System
        • XRP Lift Mechanism and Carrier Design
        • Pet Stain Detector
        • Water Tank Process Control Demo
        • Brew System Automation
        • Mobile Robot
        • Web Controlled Arm
        • Bathroom Scale with Pulse Ox
        • Pothole Mapper
        • Pond Drum Skimmer
        • Embedded RFID Tags in Pool Cues
        • Dynics OT Network Solution for Automation and Robotics Lab
        • VEX U Robotics Competition
        • SICK Lidar Competition
        • Benchtop Shear with Fence
        • TECH 1411 Lab Project Development
        • Vanguard – Optimized Future in Consumer Products
        • Avery Dennison RFID Project
      • QR Code Generator
  • Fundamentals of Engineering Technology 
    • Mathematics for Engineering Technology 
      • Geometry
    • Physics for Engineering Technology 
      • Fundamental Quantities 
        • Mass
      • Electrical Fundamentals 
        • Circuit Analysis
    • Chemistry for Engineering Technology
  • Electronics 
    • Electronic Components 
      • Resistors
  • Engineering Design Graphics 
    • The Engineering Design Process 
      • Design Constraints 
        • Functional Constraints
        • Safety Constraints
        • Quality Constraints
        • Manufacturing Constraints
        • Timing Constraints
        • Economic Constraints
        • Ergonomic Constraints
        • Ecological Constraints
        • Aesthetic Constraints
        • Life-Cycle Constraints
        • Legal and Ethical Constraints
      • Engineering Design Assumptions
      • Design Methodologies 
        • Concurrent Design
        • Design for Manufacturing (DFM)
        • Design for Assembly (DFA)
      • Risk Mitigation through Design 
        • FMEA – Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
      • Intellectual Standards and Engineering Design Documentation 
        • Clarity
        • Accuracy
        • Precision
        • Depth
        • Breadth
        • Relevance
        • Significance
        • Objectivity
        • Logic
      • Sketching
    • Drawing Instruments 
      • Pencils and Lead
      • Paper 
        • Folding Engineering Drawings
      • Drawing Boards and T-Squares
      • Compasses
      • Dividers
      • Triangles
      • Scales 
        • Worksheets – Rulers and Scales
      • Erasers
      • Protractors
      • Dry Cleaning Pad
      • Drafting Brush
      • Eraser Shield
      • French Curve
      • Drafting Tape
      • Circle and Shape Templates
    • Line Conventions and Lettering 
      • Lettering 
        • Worksheets – Lettering
      • Width and Types of Lines
      • Visible Lines
      • Hidden Lines
      • Section Lining
      • Center Lines
      • Symmetry Lines
      • Dimension, Extension, and Leader lines
      • Cutting Plane Line
    • Applied and Descriptive Geometry 
      • Geometry Review 
        • Geometric Solids 
          • Tetrahedron
          • Octahedron
          • Dodecahedron 
            • Euclid’s Development of the Dodecahedron
        • Thale's Theorem
      • Geometric Construction 
        • Bisect a Line (Compass Method)
        • Bisect an Angle (Compass Method)
        • Construct a Circle from Three Points
        • Construct Tangent from a Point – Bisector Method
        • Construct a Tangent Line to a Point on a Circle
        • Construct a Triangle from Three Sides
        • Divide a Chart Axis
        • Divide a Line into Equal Divisions
        • Drop a Perpendicular Line
        • Parallel Line through a Given Point
        • Offset a Given Distance
        • Worksheets – Geometric Construction
      • Descriptive Geometry 
        • Worksheets – Descriptive Geometry
    • Graphical Projection Systems 
      • Parallel Projection 
        • Axonometric Projection 
          • Isometric Projection 
            • Worksheets – Isometric Projection
            • Isometric Graph Paper
          • Dimetric Projection
          • Trimetric Projection
        • Oblique Projection 
          • Worksheets – Oblique Projection
        • Orthographic Projection 
          • Third-Angle Projection
          • First-Angle Projection
          • Miter Line
          • Worksheets – Orthographic Projection
      • Perspective Projection 
        • Single-Point Perspective
        • Two-Point Perspective
        • Three-Point Perspective
    • Auxiliary Views 
      • Worksheets – Auxiliary Views
    • Section Views 
      • Standard Hatch Patterns
      • Full Section
      • Half Section
      • Broken-Out Section
      • Revolved Section
      • Removed Section
      • Sectioning Assemblies
      • Worksheets – Section Views
    • Dimensioning 
      • Fundamental Dimensioning Rules 
        • Inch Vs. Millimeter Dimensioning Differences Chart
        • Rules for Dimension Lines
        • Rules for Extension Lines
        • Rules for Leader Lines (Leaders)
        • Reading Direction
        • Reference Dimensions
      • Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) 
        • General Tolerances
        • Form Tolerances 
          • Roundness or Circularity
          • Straightness
          • Flatness
      • Ordinate Dimensions
      • Tabulated Dimensions
      • Model-Based Definition
    • Working Drawings 
      • The Importance of Working Drawings as Legal Documents
      • Types of Engineering Drawings 
        • Assembly Drawing
        • Detail Drawing
        • Schematic or Circuit Diagram
        • Printed Circuit Board Diagram
      • Multiview Drawings
      • Revisions to Engineering Drawings
      • Sample Working Drawings
    • Graphical Calculators and Nomograms 
      • Slide Rule
      • Alignment Graph (Nomogram)
      • Logarithmic Nomogram – Multiplication
    • CAD – Siemens NX 
      • NX Tutorials 
        • NX Tutorial Video 1 – User Interface
        • NX Tutorial Video 2 – Drafting Workflow
        • NX Tutorial Video 3 – Expressions Editor
        • NX Tutorial Video 4A – Sketch & Revolve
        • NX Tutorial Video 4B – Datums and Features
        • NX Tutorial Video 4C – Pattern Feature
      • NX Basic Modeling Workflow 
        • NX Master Model Concept
        • NX Units – Important Note
        • Design Intent
        • Parametric Modeling
      • NX View Controls 
        • NX Layers
      • NX Part Navigator
      • NX Sketch Task Environment 
        • NX Sketch Color Codes
        • NX Sketch Navigator
      • NX Measure Tool
      • NX Expressions Editor
      • Associative Copy Commands 
        • Extract Geometry
      • NX Assemblies 
        • NX Exploded Views
        • NX Extraction Path
      • NX Part Families
      • NX Curves 
        • NX Law Curves 
          • Roots Blower Profile
          • Gear Generator Model
      • NX Surface Modeling 
        • Surface Continuity (G0, G1, G2, G3)
        • NX Mesh Surfaces 
          • NX Extrude Sheet Body
          • NX Ruled Surface
          • NX Through Curves
          • NX Through Curve Mesh
          • NX N-Sided Surface
        • NX Sweep Features 
          • NX Section Surface
          • NX Swept 
            • NX Swept – Angular Law Orientation
          • NX Sweep Along Guide
      • NX Drafting 
        • Setting Up Drawing Templates
        • NX Drafting Preferences
        • NX Hole Table
        • NX Partially Shaded Drafting Views
        • NX Render Sets
        • Create a Custom Symbol in NX
        • NX Drafting Symbol Control Characters
        • NX Drafting – Visibility of Objects
        • NX View Break
      • NX Algorithmic Modeling
      • NX Implicit Modeling
      • JT File Format and Viewers
      • NX Sheet Metal
    • CAD – AutoCAD 
      • AutoCAD Sample Files
      • Zen and the Art of AutoCAD
    • Design Problems 
      • M40 Glow Plug Engine 
        • Crankcase Group 
          • Crankcase
          • Connecting Rod
          • Crankshaft
          • Wrist Pin
          • Piston
          • Cylinder Liner
          • Head Gasket
          • Cylinder Head
          • Glow Plug
          • Cover Plate
          • Cover Plate Gasket
        • Fuel System 
          • Carburetor Assembly 
            • Carb Body Assembly 
              • Carb Body
              • Jet Molding
            • Throttle Arm
            • Carb Rotor
            • Carb Hardware
          • Fuel Line
          • Needle Valve Assembly 
            • Valve Body Assembly 
              • Valve Body Overmolding
              • Valve Body
            • Detent Spring
            • Needle
            • Needle Valve Bracket
            • Needle Valve Hardware
          • Fuel Tank Assembly 
            • Fuel Tank
        • Exhaust System 
          • Silencer Body
          • Silencer Baffle
          • Silencer Tail
        • Power Connection Group 
          • Prop Nut
          • Drive Hub
          • Thrust Washer
      • Parametric Fuel Tank
      • Mold Design – Rotational Molding
      • Carnivore 212 
        • Carnivore 212 Parts List
      • Bike Repair Stand
      • Bike Light Housing
      • 30 Note Music Box
      • Phone Holder
      • Guitar Pedalboard
      • Sandbox Digger
    • References – Engineering Design Graphics
  • Machine Elements & Features 
    • The Classical Simple Machines 
      • Inclined Plane
      • Lever 
        • Class 1 Lever
        • Class 2 Lever
        • Class 3 Lever
      • Wheel and Axle
      • Screw
      • Pulley
      • Wedge
    • Design Features 
      • Holes
      • Screw Threads 
        • Screw Thread Manufacturing 
          • Thread Whirling
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Actual
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Conventional
        • Screw Thread Terminology 
          • Allowance
          • Basic Form Profile
          • Chamfer
          • Crest
          • Flank
          • Flank Angle
          • Form
          • Height
          • Helix
          • Lead
          • Lead and Helix Angles
          • Major Diameter
          • Minor Diameter
          • Pitch
          • Pitch Diameter 
            • Thread Wire Calculator – Best Wire Size
            • Pitch Diameter Calculator – Three Wire Method
          • Root
          • Starts
          • TPI – Threads Per Inch
          • Thread Angle
        • Screw Thread Designation 
          • Unified Inch Screw Threads – Designation 
            • Unified Screw Threads Introduction
            • Nominal Size (Basic Major Diameter)
            • Threads Per Inch
            • Thread Form Symbol
            • Thread Pitch Series Symbol 
              • Graded Pitch Series
              • Constant Pitch Series
              • Special Pitch Series
            • Thread Class
            • External or Internal Thread Designation
            • Left-Hand Threads
      • Knurls
      • Fillets and Rounds
      • Splines
      • Draft Angle
      • Chamfers
      • Tapers
    • Cogs, Gears, and Sprockets 
      • Harmonic Drive
      • Gear Manufacturing 
        • Gear Shaping
        • Powder Metal Gear Manufacturing
        • Gear Hobbing
        • Machining Gears
        • Gear Skiving
        • Gear Casting
        • Injection Molding of Gears
        • AGMA – American Gear Manufacturers Association
      • Gear Types
      • Gear Design & Specification 
        • Involute Curve
    • Linkages 
      • Over Center Linkages
    • Fasteners 
      • Threaded Fasteners 
        • See Also: Screw Threads
    • Tool Fittings and Recesses
  • Engineering Materials 
    • Mechanical Properties of Materials 
      • Strength 
        • Load (Mechanical Design)
        • Force (Mechanical Design) 
          • Weight
          • Newton
          • Pound-force
        • Stress (Mechanical Design) 
          • Tensile Stress
          • Compressive Stress
          • Shear Stress
          • Torsional Stress
          • Flexural Stress
          • Engineering Stress Vs. True Stress
        • Deformation (Mechanical Design)
        • Strain (Mechanical Design)
        • Stress-Strain Diagram 
          • Young’s Modulus 
            • Other Moduli of Elasticity
          • Ultimate Strength
          • Yield Strength 
            • Upper & Lower Yield Strength
          • Strain Hardening
          • Necking
          • Fracture
          • Elastic Recovery (Springback)
          • Proportional Limit
      • Hardness
      • Elasticity 
        • Elastic Limit
        • Resilience
      • Toughness
      • Plasticity 
        • Ductility
        • Malleability
      • Fatigue Strength 
        • Endurance Limit
      • Creep Resistance
    • Metals and Alloys 
      • Ferrous Metals 
        • Steel 
          • Stainless Steels 
            • Austenitic Stainless Steels
            • Ferritic Stainless Steels
            • Martensitic Stainless Steels
            • Duplex Stainless Steels
            • Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels
          • Tool Steels 
            • A Series Cold Work Tool Steels
            • H Series Hot Work Tool Steels
            • W Series Carbon Tool Steels
            • T & M Series High Speed Tool Steels
          • Other Steel Classifications
          • Electrical Steel
          • Maraging Steel
        • Cast Iron 
          • Gray Iron
          • White Iron
          • Malleable Iron
          • Ductile (Nodular) Iron
        • Wrought Iron
        • Ferrous Metallurgy 
          • Iron Carbon Phase Diagram
          • Heat Treatment of Steel 
            • Scale Formation & Prevention
            • Differential Surface Chemistry Processes 
              • Pack Carburizing
            • Selective Surface Heating Processes
          • Steelmaking 
            • Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
            • See: AIST Steel Wheel Reference
      • Nonferrous Metals 
        • Aluminum 
          • The Aluminum Association
          • Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation System 
            • 1000 Series Aluminum (Pure)
            • 2000 Series Aluminum (Copper)
            • 3000 Series Aluminum (Manganese)
            • 4000 Series Aluminum (Silicon)
            • 5000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium)
            • 6000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium + Silicon)
            • 7000 Series Aluminum (Zinc)
          • Aluminum Standards
        • Copper 
          • Copper Alloys 
            • Free Machining Brass
            • ToughMet Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloys
          • Copper Development Association
        • Lead
        • Magnesium 
          • International Magnesium Association
        • Nickel 
          • Nickel Institute
        • Titanium 
          • International Titanium Association
        • Zinc
      • Atomic Structure of Metals
      • ASM International
    • Industrial Gasses 
      • Acetylene
      • Argon
      • Carbon Dioxide
      • Oxygen
      • Compressed Gas Cylinder Colors
    • Polymers 
      • Elastomers 
        • Silicone Rubber
    • Ceramics, Glass, and Carbon 
      • Polycrystalline Diamond
      • Aluminum Oxide
      • The American Ceramics Society
      • Tungsten Carbide
      • Silicon Carbide
    • Wood Products 
      • Lumber – Mechanical Defects
      • Unbleached Kraft Linerboard
    • Engineering Fluids and Lubricants 
      • Petroleum Products 
        • SAE Motor Oil Viscosity Ratings
        • Gasoline (Petrol) 
          • Octane Ratings
      • See Also: Coatings
    • ASTM International
    • Material Geometry and Configurations
  • Manufacturing Processes & Technology 
    • Separating Processes 
      • Machining Processes (Mechanical Separating) 
        • Machine Tools
        • Milling Machines and Operations 
          • Milling Operations, Tools, and Strategies 
            • Climb Milling And Conventional Milling
            • Right and Left Handed End Mills
            • Boring Head – Mill
            • Face Milling
            • Contour Milling
            • DFM – Reducing Costs of Machined Fillets
            • Side Milling
            • Slot Milling
            • End Mill Geometry 
              • Dish Angle
              • Flute
              • Gash
              • Heel
              • Helix Angle
              • Peripheral Cutting Edge
              • Primary Relief Angle
              • Primary Relief Land
              • Rake Angle
              • Secondary Relief Angle
              • Secondary Relief Land
            • High Feed Mills
        • Grinding and Abrasive Machining 
          • Water Jet Cutting
          • Surface Grinding
          • Handheld Grinding
          • Tool and Cutter Grinding
          • Creep Feed Grinding
          • Media Blasting 
            • Shot Blasting and Peening
            • Vapor Blasting
            • Abrasive Blasting Media
          • Lapping
        • Lathes and Turning Operations 
          • Lathe Components and Configurations 
            • Swing
            • Distance Between Centers
            • Spindle Bore Diameter
          • Lathe Operations 
            • Straight Turning
            • Facing
            • Taper Turning
            • Boring
            • Contour Turning
            • Form Turning
            • Parting, Parting Off
            • Drilling on a Lathe 
              • Center Drilling
            • Internal Threading
            • External Threading
            • Grooving or Necking
            • Knurling
        • Drilling and Holemaking 
          • Drill Tip Depth Calculator
          • Drill Press
          • DFM – Hole Design Strategies
        • Machining Parameters 
          • Cutting Speed (Vc)
          • Feed Rate (F)
          • Depth of Cut (ap and ae)
          • Machining Plastics
          • Machining Titanium
        • Sawing 
          • Band Sawing 
            • Convoluted Foam Cutting (Egg Crate)
        • Shapers and Planers
      • Thermal Separating 
        • Laser Beam Cutting
        • Oxyfuel Gas Cutting
        • Plasma Cutting
        • Air Carbon Arc Gouging
        • Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) 
          • Wire EDM
          • Sinker (or Ram) EDM
      • Chemical Separating Processes 
        • Photochemical Machining
    • Casting Processes 
      • Casting Terminology 
        • Core (Casting)
      • Sand Casting 
        • Match Plate Pattern
        • Flaskless Casting
        • Sand Casting Procedure
      • Polymer Casting
      • Die Casting 
        • Die Casting Terminology
        • Hot and Cold Chamber Die Casting Machines
      • Continuous Casting 
        • Continuous Upward Casting
      • Centrifugal Casting
      • Rubber Mold Casting
      • Rubber Plaster Mold Casting
    • Forming Processes 
      • Sheet, Wire, and Tube Forming Processes 
        • Section Bending
        • Wire Winding
        • Sheet Metal Processes 
          • Shearing 
            • Right Angle Shearing
            • Slitting (Sheet Metal Process)
          • Punching 
            • Blanking (Sheet Metal Process)
            • Turret Punch Press
          • Bending (Sheet Metal Process) 
            • Sheet Metal Brakes 
              • Automated Bending Centers
              • Press Brakes
          • Incremental Sheet Forming
          • Embossing
          • Spinning
          • Stamping
      • Bulk Forming Processes
      • Power Presses
    • Polymer Processes 
      • Rotational Molding
      • Hot Wire Foam Cutting
      • See Also: Polymer Casting
      • See Also: Machining Plastics
      • Injection Molding 
        • Overmolding
        • Injection Molding Defects 
          • Warpage (Molding Defect)
          • Sink Marks
          • Flash
          • Short Shots
          • Weld Lines
          • Splay Marks
          • Jetting
          • Burn Marks
          • Voids and Air Traps
          • Overpacking
          • Delamination
      • Extrusion (Plastics)
      • Composites Manufacturing Processes 
        • Adaptive Mold Technology
      • Compression Molding
      • Blow Molding 
        • Extrusion Blow Molding
        • Injection Blow Molding
    • Surface and Edge Modification 
      • Functional and Decorative Texturing 
        • Half-Moon Flaking
        • Laser Texturing
      • Surface Texture: Roughness, Waviness and Lay 
        • Surface Texture: Lay 
          • Crossed Lay
      • Coatings 
        • Organic Coatings 
          • Primers
          • Drying Oils
          • Varnish 
            • Spirit Varnish (Shellac)
          • Lacquer
          • Enamels
          • Latex Paints
          • Bituminous Coatings
          • Synthetic Coating Resins
          • Coating Methods 
            • Spray Coating
            • Powder Coating 
              • Masking Features before Powder Coating
            • Electrocoating (E-Coating)
        • Inorganic Coatings 
          • Conversion Coatings 
            • Aluminum Anodizing
            • Chromate Conversion Coatings 
              • Alodine
              • Iridite
              • Zinc Chromate Coatings
          • Zinc Coatings 
            • Zinc Plating Dyes
      • Cleaning 
        • Ultrasonic Cleaning
        • Solvent Cleaning 
          • Vapor Degreasing
        • Aqueous Cleaning
        • Descaling Processes
      • See Also: Media Blasting
    • Thermal Joining 
      • Welding 
        • Arc Welding 
          • Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
          • Flux-Core Arc Welding (FCAW)
          • Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
          • Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
          • Arc Stud Welding (SW)
        • Unique Welding Processes 
          • Flash Welding
          • Thermite Welding
      • Soldering
    • Glass Processes 
      • Glass Blow Molding
    • Additive Manufacturing 
      • Binder Jetting Processes
      • Directed Energy Deposition
    • Workholding 
      • Layout and Setup Tooling 
        • Layout Dye
        • Sine Bar
        • Bench Block
        • V-Blocks
        • 1-2-3 Blocks
        • Expanding Mandrels
        • Surface Gauge
        • Adjustable Parallels
        • Planer Gauge
    • Assembly and Mechanical Joining 
      • Sealing 
        • IP Ratings
        • O-Rings
  • Metrology 
    • Measurement Practice Sheets 
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (8 and 16 divisions)
      • Tape Measure Practice Sheets (16 and 32 Divisions)
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (Inch with 32 and 64 divisions)
      • Machinists Rule Practice Sheets – inch (10 & 100 divisions)
      • Dial Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Vernier Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Micrometer Practice Sheets (inch & mm)
      • Inch Dial Caliper Practice Sheets
      • Inch Dial Caliper Animation
    • Measuring Devices 
      • Reference Standards 
        • Gauge Blocks
        • Surface Plates 
          • Other Granite Master Tools
        • Pin Gauge
      • Hole and Cylinder Measure 
        • Three-Point Micrometer
        • Bore Gauge
        • Inside Hole Calipers
        • Telescoping Bore Gauge
        • Inside Micrometer
        • Small Bore Gauge
        • Coaxial Indicator
      • Graduated Instruments 
        • How to Read a Tape Measure (Inches) 
          • Fractions and Decimals on an Inch Tape Measure
        • Vernier Caliper – Metric
        • How to Read an Inch Machinist’s Rule – 10 & 100
        • How to Read Dial Calipers – Inch
        • Micrometers 
          • Indicating Micrometers
      • Comparison Gauges 
        • Feeler Gauge
        • Go-No Go Gauge 
          • Snap Gauge
          • Ring Gauge
          • Flush-Pin Gauge
        • Center Gauge
        • Surface Finish Comparator
        • Optical Comparator (Profile Projector)
        • Radius Gauge
        • Thread Pitch Gauge
        • Optical Flat
    • Calibration and Traceability 
      • NIST – The National Institute of Standards and Technology
      • The Moore M48 Coordinate Measuring Machine
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: Worksheets – Orthographic Projection

Worksheets – Orthographic Projection

These worksheets are designed to be done by hand or instrument drawing on graph paper or in CAD. Complete the front, top, and right side view of the assigned component.

Orthographic Projection Sheet 1Download
Orthographic Projection Sheet 2Download
Orthographic Projection Sheet 3Download
  • Third-Angle Projection
  • First-Angle Projection
  • Miter Line
  • Worksheets – Orthographic Projection

This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0 

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