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  • Contents
  • What is Engineering Technology?
    • National Academies Report: Engineering Technology in the United States
    • Definition of Engineering Technology
    • Differences between Engineering and Engineering Technology
    • Overview of Engineering Technology Fields
    • Career Opportunities in Engineering Technology
      • Featured ET Alumni
    • Can an Engineering Technology Major Become a Professional Engineer (PE)?
    • Prepare for Engineering Technology
      • Code Camp
        • Code Camp – Day 1
        • Code Camp – Day 2
        • Code Camp – Day 3
        • Code Camp – Day 4
        • Code Camp – Day 5
          • Papercraft: XOR Gate
        • Code Camp – Day 6
          • Papercraft: Half Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 7
          • Papercraft: 4-Bit Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 8
          • Papercraft: Turing Machine
        • Code Camp – Day 9
        • Code Camp – Day 10
      • E-Day Measurement Challenge
      • E-Day – CNC Challenges
  • ET Curriculum and Lecture Notes
    • Course Notes – Computer-Aided Design (Siemens NX) 4472
      • Semester Project
      • NX Unit 1 – View Controls and Basic Workflow
      • NX Unit 2 – Design Intent and Master Model Concept
      • NX Unit 3 – Parametric Modeling & Design Features
      • NX Unit 4 – NX Measure Tool
      • NX Unit 5 – Drawing Views and Dimensioning
      • NX Test 1
      • NX Unit 6 – Assembly – Bottom Up
      • NX Unit 7 – Datums, Layers and Law Curves
      • NX Unit 8 – Part Families and Tabulated Drawings
      • NX Unit 9 – Exploded Views
      • NX Unit 10 – Design Fundamentals
      • NX Test 2
      • NX Unit 11 – FEM Simulation
      • NX Unit 12 – GD&T
      • NX Unit 13 – CMM Technology & PMI
      • NX Unit 14 – Rendering and Visualization
      • NX Unit 15 – NX CAM Introduction
      • NX Test 3
    • Course Notes – CNC and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
      • CAM Lab Assignments
        • Common Setup Files
        • CNC Lab Safety
        • Maze Lab – Mill
        • Maze Lab – Lathe
        • Initials Lab
        • Engraving Lab
        • Engraving Lab – AutoCAD
        • Cutter Compensation
        • Keychain Project
        • Drilling Spreadsheet
        • Injection Mold Project
        • Lathe Programming Spreadsheet
      • Fusion 360 Labs
    • Course Notes – Engineering Graphics
      • Lab Assignments – Engineering Graphics
        • AutoCAD Lab 1 – Basic Commands
        • AutoCAD Lab 2 – Using CAD Drawings
        • AutoCAD Lab 3 – Drawing Efficiently
        • AutoCAD Lab 4 – Geometric Construction
        • AutoCAD Lab 5 – Orthographic Projection
        • AutoCAD Lab 6 – Auxiliary Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 7 – Section Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 8 – Dimension Styles
        • AutoCAD Lab 9 – Dihedral Angle
        • AutoCAD Lab 10 – Intersecting Planes
        • AutoCAD Lab 11 – Cut and Fill
      • Homework Assignments – Engineering Graphics
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes I
      • Introduction to Manufacturing & Machining
        • Machine Tools and Manufacturing
        • Measurement, Metrology, Layout and Setup
        • Machine Shop Safety
      • Metal Classification, Metallurgy, and Heat Treatment
        • Introduction to Metals
        • Commercially Important Metals
        • Phase Diagrams
        • The Iron-Carbon System
        • Heat Treating Ferrous Metals
      • Machining Processes
        • Lathes & Turning Operations
        • Turning Parameters
        • Milling Machines & Operations
        • Milling Machine Setup
      • Machining Lab Videos
        • Part 1 – Safety in the Machine Shop
        • Part 2 – Machining the Handle (Part A)
          • Machining Lab – Sawing
          • Machining Lab – Layout
          • Machining Lab – Center Drilling
          • Machining Lab – Straight Turning
          • Machining Lab – Knurling
        • Part 3 – Machining the Handle (Part B)
          • Machining Lab – Turning a Shoulder
          • Machining Lab – Face, Chamfer, Thread, Form Turning
        • Part 4 – Machining the Hammer Head
          • Machining Lab – Band Sawing, Facing, Milling, Drilling, Tapping
      • Specialty Machining Topics
        • Screw Threads & Threading Operations
        • Grinding & Abrasive Machining
        • Cutting Fluids
        • Sawing, Broaching & Filing
        • Drilling & Holemaking
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes II
      • Manufacturing Processes II Lab Assignments
        • Lab Safety
        • Measurement Instruments
        • AutoCAD Review
          • AutoCAD Review Part 1
          • AutoCAD Review Part 2
          • AutoCAD Review Part 3
          • AutoCAD Review Part 4
          • AutoCAD Review Part 5
          • AutoCAD Review Part 6
        • Mechanical Testing Lab Assignments
          • Tensile Strength in Design
          • Tensile Testing – Pasco
          • Shear Test – Wood
          • Hardness Test – Ames
          • Hardness Test – SPI
        • Fixed Cantilever Lab
        • GD&T Inspections
        • Threaded Adapter
        • Powder Metallurgy
        • Plastics: Components, Processes, and Materials
        • Injection Molding
        • CNC Plasma Cutting
      • Study Guides
    • Course Notes – Quality Improvement
    • Course Notes – Statics and Strengths of Materials
    • Course Notes – Tool Design
      • Tool Design Lab Assignments
        • Tool Design Lab Safety
        • Machining Review
        • Tool Design Spreadsheet
        • Engraver Project
          • Limits and Fits Reference
        • Reamer Design
        • Fluid Power Lab
      • Design Problems (Tool Design)
        • Trepanning Cutter Design
        • Stair Spreader Bar
        • Square Pegs in Round Holes
        • Panel Clearance
        • DC8 – Cross Sectional Area
        • Tangent Location
    • Senior Projects
      • Current Project Proposals
        • STEM HUB Management System
        • XRP Lift Mechanism and Carrier Design
        • Pet Stain Detector
        • Water Tank Process Control Demo
        • Brew System Automation
        • Mobile Robot
        • Web Controlled Arm
        • Bathroom Scale with Pulse Ox
        • Pothole Mapper
        • Pond Drum Skimmer
        • Embedded RFID Tags in Pool Cues
        • Dynics OT Network Solution for Automation and Robotics Lab
        • VEX U Robotics Competition
        • SICK Lidar Competition
        • Benchtop Shear with Fence
        • TECH 1411 Lab Project Development
        • Vanguard – Optimized Future in Consumer Products
        • Avery Dennison RFID Project
      • QR Code Generator
  • Fundamentals of Engineering Technology
    • Mathematics for Engineering Technology
      • Geometry
    • Physics for Engineering Technology
      • Fundamental Quantities
        • Mass
      • Electrical Fundamentals
        • Circuit Analysis
    • Chemistry for Engineering Technology
  • Electronics
    • Electronic Components
      • Resistors
  • Engineering Design Graphics
    • The Engineering Design Process
      • Design Constraints
        • Functional Constraints
        • Safety Constraints
        • Quality Constraints
        • Manufacturing Constraints
        • Timing Constraints
        • Economic Constraints
        • Ergonomic Constraints
        • Ecological Constraints
        • Aesthetic Constraints
        • Life-Cycle Constraints
        • Legal and Ethical Constraints
      • Engineering Design Assumptions
      • Design Methodologies
        • Concurrent Design
        • Design for Manufacturing (DFM)
        • Design for Assembly (DFA)
      • Risk Mitigation through Design
        • FMEA – Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
      • Intellectual Standards and Engineering Design Documentation
        • Clarity
        • Accuracy
        • Precision
        • Depth
        • Breadth
        • Relevance
        • Significance
        • Objectivity
        • Logic
      • Sketching
    • Drawing Instruments
      • Pencils and Lead
      • Paper
        • Folding Engineering Drawings
      • Drawing Boards and T-Squares
      • Compasses
      • Dividers
      • Triangles
      • Scales
        • Engineer Scales
        • Metric Scales
        • 1/2 Size and 1/4 Size Scales
        • Architect Scales
        • Worksheets – Rulers and Scales
      • Erasers
      • Protractors
      • Dry Cleaning Pad
      • Drafting Brush
      • Eraser Shield
      • French Curve
      • Drafting Tape
      • Circle and Shape Templates
    • Line Conventions and Lettering
      • Lettering
        • Worksheets – Lettering
      • Width and Types of Lines
      • Visible Lines
      • Hidden Lines
      • Section Lining
      • Center Lines
      • Symmetry Lines
      • Dimension, Extension, and Leader lines
      • Cutting Plane Line
    • Applied and Descriptive Geometry
      • Geometry Review
        • Geometric Solids
          • Tetrahedron
          • Octahedron
          • Dodecahedron
            • Euclid’s Development of the Dodecahedron
        • Thale's Theorem
      • Geometric Construction
        • Bisect a Line (Compass Method)
        • Bisect an Angle (Compass Method)
        • Construct a Circle from Three Points
        • Construct Tangent from a Point – Bisector Method
        • Construct a Tangent Line to a Point on a Circle
        • Construct a Triangle from Three Sides
        • Divide a Chart Axis
        • Divide a Line into Equal Divisions
        • Drop a Perpendicular Line
        • Parallel Line through a Given Point
        • Offset a Given Distance
        • Worksheets – Geometric Construction
      • Descriptive Geometry
        • Worksheets – Descriptive Geometry
    • Graphical Projection Systems
      • Parallel Projection
        • Axonometric Projection
          • Isometric Projection
            • Worksheets – Isometric Projection
            • Isometric Graph Paper
          • Dimetric Projection
          • Trimetric Projection
        • Oblique Projection
          • Worksheets – Oblique Projection
        • Orthographic Projection
          • Third-Angle Projection
          • First-Angle Projection
          • Miter Line
          • Worksheets – Orthographic Projection
      • Perspective Projection
        • Single-Point Perspective
        • Two-Point Perspective
        • Three-Point Perspective
    • Auxiliary Views
      • Worksheets – Auxiliary Views
    • Section Views
      • Standard Hatch Patterns
      • Full Section
      • Half Section
      • Broken-Out Section
      • Revolved Section
      • Removed Section
      • Sectioning Assemblies
      • Worksheets – Section Views
    • Dimensioning
      • Fundamental Dimensioning Rules
        • Inch Vs. Millimeter Dimensioning Differences Chart
        • Rules for Dimension Lines
        • Rules for Extension Lines
        • Rules for Leader Lines (Leaders)
        • Reading Direction
        • Reference Dimensions
      • Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
        • General Tolerances
        • Form Tolerances
          • Roundness or Circularity
          • Straightness
          • Flatness
      • Ordinate Dimensions
      • Tabulated Dimensions
      • Model-Based Definition
    • Working Drawings
      • The Importance of Working Drawings as Legal Documents
      • Types of Engineering Drawings
        • Assembly Drawing
        • Detail Drawing
        • Schematic or Circuit Diagram
        • Printed Circuit Board Diagram
      • Multiview Drawings
      • Revisions to Engineering Drawings
      • Sample Working Drawings
    • Graphical Calculators and Nomograms
      • Slide Rule
      • Alignment Graph (Nomogram)
      • Logarithmic Nomogram – Multiplication
    • CAD – Siemens NX
      • NX Tutorials
        • NX Tutorial Video 1 – User Interface
        • NX Tutorial Video 2 – Drafting Workflow
        • NX Tutorial Video 3 – Expressions Editor
        • NX Tutorial Video 4A – Sketch & Revolve
        • NX Tutorial Video 4B – Datums and Features
        • NX Tutorial Video 4C – Pattern Feature
      • NX Basic Modeling Workflow
        • NX Master Model Concept
        • NX Units – Important Note
        • Design Intent
        • Parametric Modeling
      • NX View Controls
        • NX Layers
      • NX Part Navigator
      • NX Sketch Task Environment
        • NX Sketch Color Codes
        • NX Sketch Navigator
      • NX Measure Tool
      • NX Expressions Editor
      • Associative Copy Commands
        • Extract Geometry
      • NX Assemblies
        • NX Exploded Views
        • NX Extraction Path
      • NX Part Families
      • NX Curves
        • NX Law Curves
          • Roots Blower Profile
          • Gear Generator Model
      • NX Surface Modeling
        • Surface Continuity (G0, G1, G2, G3)
        • NX Mesh Surfaces
          • NX Extrude Sheet Body
          • NX Ruled Surface
          • NX Through Curves
          • NX Through Curve Mesh
          • NX N-Sided Surface
        • NX Sweep Features
          • NX Section Surface
          • NX Swept
            • NX Swept – Angular Law Orientation
          • NX Sweep Along Guide
      • NX Drafting
        • Setting Up Drawing Templates
        • NX Drafting Preferences
        • NX Hole Table
        • NX Partially Shaded Drafting Views
        • NX Render Sets
        • Create a Custom Symbol in NX
        • NX Drafting Symbol Control Characters
        • NX Drafting – Visibility of Objects
        • NX View Break
      • NX Algorithmic Modeling
      • NX Implicit Modeling
      • JT File Format and Viewers
      • NX Sheet Metal
      • NX Manufacturing Application
    • CAD – AutoCAD
      • AutoCAD Sample Files
      • Essential AutoCAD Commands & Variables
    • Design Problems
      • M40 Glow Plug Engine
        • Crankcase Group
          • Crankcase
          • Connecting Rod
          • Crankshaft
          • Wrist Pin
          • Piston
          • Cylinder Liner
          • Head Gasket
          • Cylinder Head
          • Glow Plug
          • Cover Plate
          • Cover Plate Gasket
        • Fuel System
          • Carburetor Assembly
            • Carb Body Assembly
              • Carb Body
              • Jet Molding
            • Throttle Arm
            • Carb Rotor
            • Carb Hardware
          • Fuel Line
          • Needle Valve Assembly
            • Valve Body Assembly
              • Valve Body Overmolding
              • Valve Body
            • Detent Spring
            • Needle
            • Needle Valve Bracket
            • Needle Valve Hardware
          • Fuel Tank Assembly
            • Fuel Tank
        • Exhaust System
          • Silencer Body
          • Silencer Baffle
          • Silencer Tail
        • Power Connection Group
          • Prop Nut
          • Drive Hub
          • Thrust Washer
      • Parametric Fuel Tank
      • Mold Design – Rotational Molding
      • Carnivore 212
        • Carnivore 212 Parts List
      • Bike Repair Stand
      • Bike Light Housing
      • 30 Note Music Box
      • Phone Holder
      • Guitar Pedalboard
      • Sandbox Digger
    • References – Engineering Design Graphics
  • Machine Elements & Features
    • The Classical Simple Machines
      • Inclined Plane
      • Lever
        • Class 1 Lever
        • Class 2 Lever
        • Class 3 Lever
      • Wheel and Axle
      • Screw
      • Pulley
      • Wedge
    • Design Features
      • Holes
      • Screw Threads
        • Screw Thread Manufacturing
          • Taps and Dies
            • Taps
            • Dies
          • Thread Whirling
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Actual
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Conventional
        • Screw Thread Terminology
          • Allowance
          • Basic Form Profile
          • Chamfer
          • Crest
          • Flank
          • Flank Angle
          • Form
          • Height
          • Helix
          • Lead
          • Lead and Helix Angles
          • Major Diameter
          • Minor Diameter
          • Pitch
          • Pitch Diameter
            • Thread Wire Calculator – Best Wire Size
            • Pitch Diameter Calculator – Three Wire Method
          • Root
          • Starts
          • TPI – Threads Per Inch
          • Thread Angle
        • Screw Thread Designation
          • Unified Inch Screw Threads – Designation
            • Unified Screw Threads Introduction
            • Nominal Size (Basic Major Diameter)
            • Threads Per Inch
            • Thread Form Symbol
            • Thread Pitch Series Symbol
              • Graded Pitch Series
              • Constant Pitch Series
              • Special Pitch Series
            • Thread Class
            • External or Internal Thread Designation
            • Left-Hand Threads
      • Knurls
      • Fillets and Rounds
      • Splines
      • Draft Angle
      • Chamfers
      • Tapers
    • Cogs, Gears, and Sprockets
      • Harmonic Drive
      • Gear Manufacturing
        • Gear Shaping
        • Powder Metal Gear Manufacturing
        • Gear Hobbing
        • Machining Gears
        • Gear Skiving
        • Gear Casting
        • Injection Molding of Gears
        • AGMA – American Gear Manufacturers Association
      • Gear Types
      • Gear Design & Specification
        • Involute Curve
    • Linkages
      • Over Center Linkages
    • Fasteners
      • Threaded Fasteners
        • See Also: Screw Threads
    • Tool Fittings and Recesses
  • Engineering Materials
    • Mechanical Properties of Materials
      • Strength
        • Load (Mechanical Design)
        • Force (Mechanical Design)
          • Weight
          • Newton
          • Pound-force
        • Stress (Mechanical Design)
          • Tensile Stress
          • Compressive Stress
          • Shear Stress
          • Torsional Stress
          • Flexural Stress
          • Engineering Stress Vs. True Stress
        • Deformation (Mechanical Design)
        • Strain (Mechanical Design)
        • Stress-Strain Diagram
          • Young’s Modulus
            • Other Moduli of Elasticity
          • Ultimate Strength
          • Yield Strength
            • Upper & Lower Yield Strength
          • Strain Hardening
          • Necking
          • Fracture
          • Elastic Recovery (Springback)
          • Proportional Limit
      • Hardness
      • Elasticity
        • Elastic Limit
        • Resilience
      • Toughness
      • Plasticity
        • Ductility
        • Malleability
      • Fatigue Strength
        • Endurance Limit
      • Creep Resistance
    • Metals and Alloys
      • Ferrous Metals
        • Steel
          • Stainless Steels
            • Austenitic Stainless Steels
            • Ferritic Stainless Steels
            • Martensitic Stainless Steels
            • Duplex Stainless Steels
            • Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels
          • Tool Steels
            • A Series Cold Work Tool Steels
            • H Series Hot Work Tool Steels
            • W Series Carbon Tool Steels
            • T & M Series High Speed Tool Steels
          • Other Steel Classifications
          • Electrical Steel
          • Maraging Steel
        • Cast Iron
          • Gray Iron
          • White Iron
          • Malleable Iron
          • Ductile (Nodular) Iron
        • Wrought Iron
        • Ferrous Metallurgy
          • Iron Carbon Phase Diagram
          • Heat Treatment of Steel
            • Scale Formation & Prevention
            • Differential Surface Chemistry Processes
              • Pack Carburizing
            • Selective Surface Heating Processes
          • Steelmaking
            • Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
            • See: AIST Steel Wheel Reference
      • Nonferrous Metals
        • Aluminum
          • The Aluminum Association
          • Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation System
            • 1000 Series Aluminum (Pure)
            • 2000 Series Aluminum (Copper)
            • 3000 Series Aluminum (Manganese)
            • 4000 Series Aluminum (Silicon)
            • 5000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium)
            • 6000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium + Silicon)
            • 7000 Series Aluminum (Zinc)
          • Aluminum Standards
        • Copper
          • Copper Alloys
            • Free Machining Brass
            • ToughMet Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloys
          • Copper Development Association
        • Lead
        • Magnesium
          • International Magnesium Association
        • Nickel
          • Nickel Institute
        • Titanium
          • International Titanium Association
        • Zinc
      • Atomic Structure of Metals
      • ASM International
    • Industrial Gasses
      • Acetylene
      • Argon
      • Carbon Dioxide
      • Oxygen
      • Compressed Gas Cylinder Colors
    • Polymers
      • Elastomers
        • Silicone Rubber
    • Ceramics, Glass, and Carbon
      • Polycrystalline Diamond
      • Aluminum Oxide
      • The American Ceramics Society
      • Tungsten Carbide
      • Silicon Carbide
    • Wood Products
      • Lumber – Mechanical Defects
      • Unbleached Kraft Linerboard
    • Engineering Fluids and Lubricants
      • Petroleum Products
        • SAE Motor Oil Viscosity Ratings
        • Gasoline (Petrol)
          • Octane Ratings
      • See Also: Coatings
      • Determine Percent Concentration
      • Calculating Coolant Additions
    • ASTM International
    • Material Geometry and Configurations
  • Manufacturing Processes & Technology
    • Separating Processes
      • Machining Processes (Mechanical Separating)
        • Machine Tools
        • Milling Machines and Operations
          • Milling Operations, Tools, and Strategies
            • Climb Milling And Conventional Milling
            • Right and Left Handed End Mills
            • Boring Head – Mill
            • Face Milling
            • Contour Milling
            • DFM – Reducing Costs of Machined Fillets
            • Side Milling
            • Slot Milling
            • End Mill Geometry
              • Dish Angle
              • Flute
              • Gash
              • Heel
              • Helix Angle
              • Peripheral Cutting Edge
              • Primary Relief Angle
              • Primary Relief Land
              • Rake Angle
              • Secondary Relief Angle
              • Secondary Relief Land
            • High Feed Mills
        • Grinding and Abrasive Machining
          • Water Jet Cutting
          • Surface Grinding
          • Handheld Grinding
          • Tool and Cutter Grinding
          • Creep Feed Grinding
          • Media Blasting
            • Shot Blasting and Peening
            • Vapor Blasting
            • Abrasive Blasting Media
          • Lapping
        • Lathes and Turning Operations
          • Lathe Components and Configurations
            • Swing
            • Distance Between Centers
            • Spindle Bore Diameter
            • Headstock
            • Spindle and Spindle Nose
            • Lathe Bed
            • Bedways
            • Apron
            • Saddle
            • Carriage
            • Tailstock
            • Rack & Pinion
            • Feedrod
            • Leadscrew
            • Half-Nut Lever
          • Lathe Operations
            • Straight Turning
            • Facing
            • Taper Turning
            • Boring
            • Contour Turning
            • Form Turning
            • Parting, Parting Off
            • Drilling on a Lathe
              • Center Drilling
            • Internal Threading
            • External Threading
            • Grooving or Necking
            • Knurling
        • Drilling and Holemaking
          • Drill Tip Depth Calculator
          • Drill Press
          • DFM – Hole Design Strategies
        • Machining Parameters
          • Cutting Speed (Vc)
          • Feed Rate (F)
          • Depth of Cut (ap and ae)
          • Machining Plastics
          • Machining Titanium
        • Sawing
          • Band Sawing
            • Convoluted Foam Cutting (Egg Crate)
        • Shapers and Planers
      • Thermal Separating
        • Laser Beam Cutting
        • Oxyfuel Gas Cutting
        • Plasma Cutting
        • Air Carbon Arc Gouging
        • Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
          • Wire EDM
          • Sinker (or Ram) EDM
      • Chemical Separating Processes
        • Photochemical Machining
    • Casting Processes
      • Casting Terminology
        • Core (Casting)
      • Sand Casting
        • Match Plate Pattern
        • Flaskless Casting
        • Sand Casting Procedure
      • Polymer Casting
      • Die Casting
        • Die Casting Terminology
        • Hot and Cold Chamber Die Casting Machines
      • Continuous Casting
        • Continuous Upward Casting
      • Centrifugal Casting
      • Rubber Mold Casting
      • Rubber Plaster Mold Casting
    • Forming Processes
      • Sheet, Wire, and Tube Forming Processes
        • Section Bending
        • Wire Winding
        • Sheet Metal Processes
          • Shearing
            • Right Angle Shearing
            • Slitting (Sheet Metal Process)
          • Punching
            • Blanking (Sheet Metal Process)
            • Turret Punch Press
          • Bending (Sheet Metal Process)
            • Sheet Metal Brakes
              • Automated Bending Centers
              • Press Brakes
          • Incremental Sheet Forming
          • Embossing
          • Spinning
          • Stamping
      • Bulk Forming Processes
      • Power Presses
    • Polymer Processes
      • Rotational Molding
      • Hot Wire Foam Cutting
      • See Also: Polymer Casting
      • See Also: Machining Plastics
      • Injection Molding
        • Overmolding
        • Injection Molding Defects
          • Warpage (Molding Defect)
          • Sink Marks
          • Flash
          • Short Shots
          • Weld Lines
          • Splay Marks
          • Jetting
          • Burn Marks
          • Voids and Air Traps
          • Overpacking
          • Delamination
      • Extrusion (Plastics)
      • Composites Manufacturing Processes
        • Adaptive Mold Technology
      • Compression Molding
      • Blow Molding
        • Extrusion Blow Molding
        • Injection Blow Molding
    • Surface and Edge Modification
      • Functional and Decorative Texturing
        • Half-Moon Flaking
        • Laser Texturing
      • Surface Texture: Roughness, Waviness and Lay
        • Surface Texture: Lay
          • Crossed Lay
      • Coatings
        • Organic Coatings
          • Primers
          • Drying Oils
          • Varnish
            • Spirit Varnish (Shellac)
          • Lacquer
          • Enamels
          • Latex Paints
          • Bituminous Coatings
          • Synthetic Coating Resins
          • Coating Methods
            • Spray Coating
            • Powder Coating
              • Masking Features before Powder Coating
            • Electrocoating (E-Coating)
        • Inorganic Coatings
          • Conversion Coatings
            • Aluminum Anodizing
            • Chromate Conversion Coatings
              • Alodine
              • Iridite
              • Zinc Chromate Coatings
          • Zinc Coatings
            • Zinc Plating Dyes
      • Cleaning
        • Ultrasonic Cleaning
        • Solvent Cleaning
          • Vapor Degreasing
        • Aqueous Cleaning
        • Descaling Processes
      • See Also: Media Blasting
    • Thermal Joining
      • Welding
        • Arc Welding
          • Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
          • Flux-Core Arc Welding (FCAW)
          • Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
          • Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
          • Arc Stud Welding (SW)
        • Unique Welding Processes
          • Flash Welding
          • Thermite Welding
      • Soldering
        • Soldering Videos
    • Glass Processes
      • Glass Blow Molding
    • Additive Manufacturing
      • Binder Jetting Processes
      • Directed Energy Deposition
    • Workholding
      • Layout and Setup Tooling
        • Layout Dye
        • Sine Bar
        • Bench Block
        • V-Blocks
        • 1-2-3 Blocks
        • Expanding Mandrels
        • Surface Gauge
        • Adjustable Parallels
        • Planer Gauge
    • Assembly and Mechanical Joining
      • Sealing
        • IP Ratings
        • O-Rings
  • Metrology
    • Measurement Practice Sheets
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (8 and 16 divisions)
      • Tape Measure Practice Sheets (16 and 32 Divisions)
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (Inch with 32 and 64 divisions)
      • Machinists Rule Practice Sheets – inch (10 & 100 divisions)
      • Dial Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Vernier Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Micrometer Practice Sheets (inch & mm)
      • Inch Dial Caliper Practice Sheets
      • Inch Dial Caliper Animation
    • Measuring Devices
      • Reference Standards
        • Gauge Blocks
        • Surface Plates
          • Other Granite Master Tools
        • Pin Gauge
      • Hole and Cylinder Measure
        • Three-Point Micrometer
        • Bore Gauge
        • Inside Hole Calipers
        • Telescoping Bore Gauge
        • Inside Micrometer
        • Small Bore Gauge
        • Coaxial Indicator
      • Graduated Instruments
        • How to Read a Tape Measure (Inches)
          • Fractions and Decimals on an Inch Tape Measure
        • How to Read an Inch Machinist’s Rule – 10 & 100
        • Micrometers
          • Indicating Micrometers
        • Calipers
          • How to Read Dial Calipers – Inch
          • Vernier Caliper – Metric
          • Dial Caliper Practice Quiz
      • Comparison Gauges
        • Feeler Gauge
        • Go-No Go Gauge
          • Snap Gauge
          • Ring Gauge
          • Flush-Pin Gauge
        • Center Gauge
        • Surface Finish Comparator
        • Optical Comparator (Profile Projector)
        • Radius Gauge
        • Thread Pitch Gauge
        • Optical Flat
    • Calibration and Traceability
      • NIST – The National Institute of Standards and Technology
      • The Moore M48 Coordinate Measuring Machine
  • Occupational Safety
    • Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
    • Safety Guidelines
      • Safety Guidelines – Soldering (Iron Soldering)
      • Machine Shop Safety – Eye Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Entanglement Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Impact Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Crushing Hazards
    • OSHA Accident Reports
  • Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
    • History of CNC Technology
      • Tracer Lathe & Mills
    • The Language of G-Code
      • G00 – Rapid
      • G01 – Linear Interpolation
      • G02 and G03 – Circular Interpolation
      • G17, G18, and G19 – Plane Selection
      • G90 and G91 – Absolute Vs. Incremental Coordinates
  • Student Project Examples
    • Torque-Limiting Tapping Head
      • Torque-Limiting Floating Tapping Head Video
      • 4th Axis Table Quick Mount
    • RC Car Project (2025)
    • Process Validation of an IACV Screw
      • Eric Ng Additional Project Files
    • Hay Hook
      • Collin Hill Additional Project Files
    • Mrs. Quackers: An IOT Integrated Duck
    • Sophomore Project – Bike Light
    • Yaskawa HC10 Machine Tending using RFID
    • Machine Tending Lathe Project
    • Yaskawa HC10 Machine Tending with Locus Vector AMR
    • Fret Wire Bender (TECH 2908 F25)
  • Calculators
    • Drilling Calculators
    • Threading Calculators
  • Delta Made Workforce Pathways
    • Badges
      • Badge – Understanding Units
      • Badge – Inch Basics (1/8)
      • Badge – Reading a Ruler (inch 1/16)
      • Badge – Decimals and Rulers
      • Badge – Introduction to Electricity
  • About
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    • Index
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    • SME S140 – The University of Memphis
  • Home
  • Engineering Design Graphics
  • Drawing Instruments
  • Scales
  • Worksheets – Rulers and Scales

  • Contents
  • What is Engineering Technology? 
    • National Academies Report: Engineering Technology in the United States
    • Definition of Engineering Technology
    • Differences between Engineering and Engineering Technology
    • Overview of Engineering Technology Fields
    • Career Opportunities in Engineering Technology 
      • Featured ET Alumni
    • Can an Engineering Technology Major Become a Professional Engineer (PE)?
    • Prepare for Engineering Technology 
      • Code Camp 
        • Code Camp – Day 1
        • Code Camp – Day 2
        • Code Camp – Day 3
        • Code Camp – Day 4
        • Code Camp – Day 5 
          • Papercraft: XOR Gate
        • Code Camp – Day 6 
          • Papercraft: Half Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 7 
          • Papercraft: 4-Bit Adder
        • Code Camp – Day 8 
          • Papercraft: Turing Machine
        • Code Camp – Day 9
        • Code Camp – Day 10
      • E-Day Measurement Challenge
      • E-Day – CNC Challenges
  • ET Curriculum and Lecture Notes 
    • Course Notes – Computer-Aided Design (Siemens NX) 4472 
      • Semester Project
      • NX Unit 1 – View Controls and Basic Workflow
      • NX Unit 2 – Design Intent and Master Model Concept
      • NX Unit 3 – Parametric Modeling & Design Features
      • NX Unit 4 – NX Measure Tool
      • NX Unit 5 – Drawing Views and Dimensioning
      • NX Test 1
      • NX Unit 6 – Assembly – Bottom Up
      • NX Unit 7 – Datums, Layers and Law Curves
      • NX Unit 8 – Part Families and Tabulated Drawings
      • NX Unit 9 – Exploded Views
      • NX Unit 10 – Design Fundamentals
      • NX Test 2
      • NX Unit 11 – FEM Simulation
      • NX Unit 12 – GD&T
      • NX Unit 13 – CMM Technology & PMI
      • NX Unit 14 – Rendering and Visualization
      • NX Unit 15 – NX CAM Introduction
      • NX Test 3
    • Course Notes – CNC and Computer-Aided Manufacturing 
      • CAM Lab Assignments 
        • Common Setup Files
        • CNC Lab Safety
        • Maze Lab – Mill
        • Maze Lab – Lathe
        • Initials Lab
        • Engraving Lab
        • Engraving Lab – AutoCAD
        • Cutter Compensation
        • Keychain Project
        • Drilling Spreadsheet
        • Injection Mold Project
        • Lathe Programming Spreadsheet
      • Fusion 360 Labs
    • Course Notes – Engineering Graphics 
      • Lab Assignments – Engineering Graphics 
        • AutoCAD Lab 1 – Basic Commands
        • AutoCAD Lab 2 – Using CAD Drawings
        • AutoCAD Lab 3 – Drawing Efficiently
        • AutoCAD Lab 4 – Geometric Construction
        • AutoCAD Lab 5 – Orthographic Projection
        • AutoCAD Lab 6 – Auxiliary Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 7 – Section Views
        • AutoCAD Lab 8 – Dimension Styles
        • AutoCAD Lab 9 – Dihedral Angle
        • AutoCAD Lab 10 – Intersecting Planes
        • AutoCAD Lab 11 – Cut and Fill
      • Homework Assignments – Engineering Graphics
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes I 
      • Introduction to Manufacturing & Machining 
        • Machine Tools and Manufacturing
        • Measurement, Metrology, Layout and Setup
        • Machine Shop Safety
      • Metal Classification, Metallurgy, and Heat Treatment 
        • Introduction to Metals
        • Commercially Important Metals
        • Phase Diagrams
        • The Iron-Carbon System
        • Heat Treating Ferrous Metals
      • Machining Processes 
        • Lathes & Turning Operations
        • Turning Parameters
        • Milling Machines & Operations
        • Milling Machine Setup
      • Machining Lab Videos 
        • Part 1 – Safety in the Machine Shop
        • Part 2 – Machining the Handle (Part A) 
          • Machining Lab – Sawing
          • Machining Lab – Layout
          • Machining Lab – Center Drilling
          • Machining Lab – Straight Turning
          • Machining Lab – Knurling
        • Part 3 – Machining the Handle (Part B) 
          • Machining Lab – Turning a Shoulder
          • Machining Lab – Face, Chamfer, Thread, Form Turning
        • Part 4 – Machining the Hammer Head 
          • Machining Lab – Band Sawing, Facing, Milling, Drilling, Tapping
      • Specialty Machining Topics 
        • Screw Threads & Threading Operations
        • Grinding & Abrasive Machining
        • Cutting Fluids
        • Sawing, Broaching & Filing
        • Drilling & Holemaking
    • Course Notes – Manufacturing Processes II 
      • Manufacturing Processes II Lab Assignments 
        • Lab Safety
        • Measurement Instruments
        • AutoCAD Review 
          • AutoCAD Review Part 1
          • AutoCAD Review Part 2
          • AutoCAD Review Part 3
          • AutoCAD Review Part 4
          • AutoCAD Review Part 5
          • AutoCAD Review Part 6
        • Mechanical Testing Lab Assignments 
          • Tensile Strength in Design
          • Tensile Testing – Pasco
          • Shear Test – Wood
          • Hardness Test – Ames
          • Hardness Test – SPI
        • Fixed Cantilever Lab
        • GD&T Inspections
        • Threaded Adapter
        • Powder Metallurgy
        • Plastics: Components, Processes, and Materials
        • Injection Molding
        • CNC Plasma Cutting
      • Study Guides
    • Course Notes – Quality Improvement
    • Course Notes – Statics and Strengths of Materials
    • Course Notes – Tool Design 
      • Tool Design Lab Assignments 
        • Tool Design Lab Safety
        • Machining Review
        • Tool Design Spreadsheet
        • Engraver Project 
          • Limits and Fits Reference
        • Reamer Design
        • Fluid Power Lab
      • Design Problems (Tool Design) 
        • Trepanning Cutter Design
        • Stair Spreader Bar
        • Square Pegs in Round Holes
        • Panel Clearance
        • DC8 – Cross Sectional Area
        • Tangent Location
    • Senior Projects 
      • Current Project Proposals 
        • STEM HUB Management System
        • XRP Lift Mechanism and Carrier Design
        • Pet Stain Detector
        • Water Tank Process Control Demo
        • Brew System Automation
        • Mobile Robot
        • Web Controlled Arm
        • Bathroom Scale with Pulse Ox
        • Pothole Mapper
        • Pond Drum Skimmer
        • Embedded RFID Tags in Pool Cues
        • Dynics OT Network Solution for Automation and Robotics Lab
        • VEX U Robotics Competition
        • SICK Lidar Competition
        • Benchtop Shear with Fence
        • TECH 1411 Lab Project Development
        • Vanguard – Optimized Future in Consumer Products
        • Avery Dennison RFID Project
      • QR Code Generator
  • Fundamentals of Engineering Technology 
    • Mathematics for Engineering Technology 
      • Geometry
    • Physics for Engineering Technology 
      • Fundamental Quantities 
        • Mass
      • Electrical Fundamentals 
        • Circuit Analysis
    • Chemistry for Engineering Technology
  • Electronics 
    • Electronic Components 
      • Resistors
  • Engineering Design Graphics 
    • The Engineering Design Process 
      • Design Constraints 
        • Functional Constraints
        • Safety Constraints
        • Quality Constraints
        • Manufacturing Constraints
        • Timing Constraints
        • Economic Constraints
        • Ergonomic Constraints
        • Ecological Constraints
        • Aesthetic Constraints
        • Life-Cycle Constraints
        • Legal and Ethical Constraints
      • Engineering Design Assumptions
      • Design Methodologies 
        • Concurrent Design
        • Design for Manufacturing (DFM)
        • Design for Assembly (DFA)
      • Risk Mitigation through Design 
        • FMEA – Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
      • Intellectual Standards and Engineering Design Documentation 
        • Clarity
        • Accuracy
        • Precision
        • Depth
        • Breadth
        • Relevance
        • Significance
        • Objectivity
        • Logic
      • Sketching
    • Drawing Instruments 
      • Pencils and Lead
      • Paper 
        • Folding Engineering Drawings
      • Drawing Boards and T-Squares
      • Compasses
      • Dividers
      • Triangles
      • Scales 
        • Engineer Scales
        • Metric Scales
        • 1/2 Size and 1/4 Size Scales
        • Architect Scales
        • Worksheets – Rulers and Scales
      • Erasers
      • Protractors
      • Dry Cleaning Pad
      • Drafting Brush
      • Eraser Shield
      • French Curve
      • Drafting Tape
      • Circle and Shape Templates
    • Line Conventions and Lettering 
      • Lettering 
        • Worksheets – Lettering
      • Width and Types of Lines
      • Visible Lines
      • Hidden Lines
      • Section Lining
      • Center Lines
      • Symmetry Lines
      • Dimension, Extension, and Leader lines
      • Cutting Plane Line
    • Applied and Descriptive Geometry 
      • Geometry Review 
        • Geometric Solids 
          • Tetrahedron
          • Octahedron
          • Dodecahedron 
            • Euclid’s Development of the Dodecahedron
        • Thale's Theorem
      • Geometric Construction 
        • Bisect a Line (Compass Method)
        • Bisect an Angle (Compass Method)
        • Construct a Circle from Three Points
        • Construct Tangent from a Point – Bisector Method
        • Construct a Tangent Line to a Point on a Circle
        • Construct a Triangle from Three Sides
        • Divide a Chart Axis
        • Divide a Line into Equal Divisions
        • Drop a Perpendicular Line
        • Parallel Line through a Given Point
        • Offset a Given Distance
        • Worksheets – Geometric Construction
      • Descriptive Geometry 
        • Worksheets – Descriptive Geometry
    • Graphical Projection Systems 
      • Parallel Projection 
        • Axonometric Projection 
          • Isometric Projection 
            • Worksheets – Isometric Projection
            • Isometric Graph Paper
          • Dimetric Projection
          • Trimetric Projection
        • Oblique Projection 
          • Worksheets – Oblique Projection
        • Orthographic Projection 
          • Third-Angle Projection
          • First-Angle Projection
          • Miter Line
          • Worksheets – Orthographic Projection
      • Perspective Projection 
        • Single-Point Perspective
        • Two-Point Perspective
        • Three-Point Perspective
    • Auxiliary Views 
      • Worksheets – Auxiliary Views
    • Section Views 
      • Standard Hatch Patterns
      • Full Section
      • Half Section
      • Broken-Out Section
      • Revolved Section
      • Removed Section
      • Sectioning Assemblies
      • Worksheets – Section Views
    • Dimensioning 
      • Fundamental Dimensioning Rules 
        • Inch Vs. Millimeter Dimensioning Differences Chart
        • Rules for Dimension Lines
        • Rules for Extension Lines
        • Rules for Leader Lines (Leaders)
        • Reading Direction
        • Reference Dimensions
      • Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) 
        • General Tolerances
        • Form Tolerances 
          • Roundness or Circularity
          • Straightness
          • Flatness
      • Ordinate Dimensions
      • Tabulated Dimensions
      • Model-Based Definition
    • Working Drawings 
      • The Importance of Working Drawings as Legal Documents
      • Types of Engineering Drawings 
        • Assembly Drawing
        • Detail Drawing
        • Schematic or Circuit Diagram
        • Printed Circuit Board Diagram
      • Multiview Drawings
      • Revisions to Engineering Drawings
      • Sample Working Drawings
    • Graphical Calculators and Nomograms 
      • Slide Rule
      • Alignment Graph (Nomogram)
      • Logarithmic Nomogram – Multiplication
    • CAD – Siemens NX 
      • NX Tutorials 
        • NX Tutorial Video 1 – User Interface
        • NX Tutorial Video 2 – Drafting Workflow
        • NX Tutorial Video 3 – Expressions Editor
        • NX Tutorial Video 4A – Sketch & Revolve
        • NX Tutorial Video 4B – Datums and Features
        • NX Tutorial Video 4C – Pattern Feature
      • NX Basic Modeling Workflow 
        • NX Master Model Concept
        • NX Units – Important Note
        • Design Intent
        • Parametric Modeling
      • NX View Controls 
        • NX Layers
      • NX Part Navigator
      • NX Sketch Task Environment 
        • NX Sketch Color Codes
        • NX Sketch Navigator
      • NX Measure Tool
      • NX Expressions Editor
      • Associative Copy Commands 
        • Extract Geometry
      • NX Assemblies 
        • NX Exploded Views
        • NX Extraction Path
      • NX Part Families
      • NX Curves 
        • NX Law Curves 
          • Roots Blower Profile
          • Gear Generator Model
      • NX Surface Modeling 
        • Surface Continuity (G0, G1, G2, G3)
        • NX Mesh Surfaces 
          • NX Extrude Sheet Body
          • NX Ruled Surface
          • NX Through Curves
          • NX Through Curve Mesh
          • NX N-Sided Surface
        • NX Sweep Features 
          • NX Section Surface
          • NX Swept 
            • NX Swept – Angular Law Orientation
          • NX Sweep Along Guide
      • NX Drafting 
        • Setting Up Drawing Templates
        • NX Drafting Preferences
        • NX Hole Table
        • NX Partially Shaded Drafting Views
        • NX Render Sets
        • Create a Custom Symbol in NX
        • NX Drafting Symbol Control Characters
        • NX Drafting – Visibility of Objects
        • NX View Break
      • NX Algorithmic Modeling
      • NX Implicit Modeling
      • JT File Format and Viewers
      • NX Sheet Metal
      • NX Manufacturing Application
    • CAD – AutoCAD 
      • AutoCAD Sample Files
      • Essential AutoCAD Commands & Variables
    • Design Problems 
      • M40 Glow Plug Engine 
        • Crankcase Group 
          • Crankcase
          • Connecting Rod
          • Crankshaft
          • Wrist Pin
          • Piston
          • Cylinder Liner
          • Head Gasket
          • Cylinder Head
          • Glow Plug
          • Cover Plate
          • Cover Plate Gasket
        • Fuel System 
          • Carburetor Assembly 
            • Carb Body Assembly 
              • Carb Body
              • Jet Molding
            • Throttle Arm
            • Carb Rotor
            • Carb Hardware
          • Fuel Line
          • Needle Valve Assembly 
            • Valve Body Assembly 
              • Valve Body Overmolding
              • Valve Body
            • Detent Spring
            • Needle
            • Needle Valve Bracket
            • Needle Valve Hardware
          • Fuel Tank Assembly 
            • Fuel Tank
        • Exhaust System 
          • Silencer Body
          • Silencer Baffle
          • Silencer Tail
        • Power Connection Group 
          • Prop Nut
          • Drive Hub
          • Thrust Washer
      • Parametric Fuel Tank
      • Mold Design – Rotational Molding
      • Carnivore 212 
        • Carnivore 212 Parts List
      • Bike Repair Stand
      • Bike Light Housing
      • 30 Note Music Box
      • Phone Holder
      • Guitar Pedalboard
      • Sandbox Digger
    • References – Engineering Design Graphics
  • Machine Elements & Features 
    • The Classical Simple Machines 
      • Inclined Plane
      • Lever 
        • Class 1 Lever
        • Class 2 Lever
        • Class 3 Lever
      • Wheel and Axle
      • Screw
      • Pulley
      • Wedge
    • Design Features 
      • Holes
      • Screw Threads 
        • Screw Thread Manufacturing 
          • Taps and Dies 
            • Taps
            • Dies
          • Thread Whirling
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Actual
          • Tap Drill Size Calculator – Unified (UN) – Conventional
        • Screw Thread Terminology 
          • Allowance
          • Basic Form Profile
          • Chamfer
          • Crest
          • Flank
          • Flank Angle
          • Form
          • Height
          • Helix
          • Lead
          • Lead and Helix Angles
          • Major Diameter
          • Minor Diameter
          • Pitch
          • Pitch Diameter 
            • Thread Wire Calculator – Best Wire Size
            • Pitch Diameter Calculator – Three Wire Method
          • Root
          • Starts
          • TPI – Threads Per Inch
          • Thread Angle
        • Screw Thread Designation 
          • Unified Inch Screw Threads – Designation 
            • Unified Screw Threads Introduction
            • Nominal Size (Basic Major Diameter)
            • Threads Per Inch
            • Thread Form Symbol
            • Thread Pitch Series Symbol 
              • Graded Pitch Series
              • Constant Pitch Series
              • Special Pitch Series
            • Thread Class
            • External or Internal Thread Designation
            • Left-Hand Threads
      • Knurls
      • Fillets and Rounds
      • Splines
      • Draft Angle
      • Chamfers
      • Tapers
    • Cogs, Gears, and Sprockets 
      • Harmonic Drive
      • Gear Manufacturing 
        • Gear Shaping
        • Powder Metal Gear Manufacturing
        • Gear Hobbing
        • Machining Gears
        • Gear Skiving
        • Gear Casting
        • Injection Molding of Gears
        • AGMA – American Gear Manufacturers Association
      • Gear Types
      • Gear Design & Specification 
        • Involute Curve
    • Linkages 
      • Over Center Linkages
    • Fasteners 
      • Threaded Fasteners 
        • See Also: Screw Threads
    • Tool Fittings and Recesses
  • Engineering Materials 
    • Mechanical Properties of Materials 
      • Strength 
        • Load (Mechanical Design)
        • Force (Mechanical Design) 
          • Weight
          • Newton
          • Pound-force
        • Stress (Mechanical Design) 
          • Tensile Stress
          • Compressive Stress
          • Shear Stress
          • Torsional Stress
          • Flexural Stress
          • Engineering Stress Vs. True Stress
        • Deformation (Mechanical Design)
        • Strain (Mechanical Design)
        • Stress-Strain Diagram 
          • Young’s Modulus 
            • Other Moduli of Elasticity
          • Ultimate Strength
          • Yield Strength 
            • Upper & Lower Yield Strength
          • Strain Hardening
          • Necking
          • Fracture
          • Elastic Recovery (Springback)
          • Proportional Limit
      • Hardness
      • Elasticity 
        • Elastic Limit
        • Resilience
      • Toughness
      • Plasticity 
        • Ductility
        • Malleability
      • Fatigue Strength 
        • Endurance Limit
      • Creep Resistance
    • Metals and Alloys 
      • Ferrous Metals 
        • Steel 
          • Stainless Steels 
            • Austenitic Stainless Steels
            • Ferritic Stainless Steels
            • Martensitic Stainless Steels
            • Duplex Stainless Steels
            • Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels
          • Tool Steels 
            • A Series Cold Work Tool Steels
            • H Series Hot Work Tool Steels
            • W Series Carbon Tool Steels
            • T & M Series High Speed Tool Steels
          • Other Steel Classifications
          • Electrical Steel
          • Maraging Steel
        • Cast Iron 
          • Gray Iron
          • White Iron
          • Malleable Iron
          • Ductile (Nodular) Iron
        • Wrought Iron
        • Ferrous Metallurgy 
          • Iron Carbon Phase Diagram
          • Heat Treatment of Steel 
            • Scale Formation & Prevention
            • Differential Surface Chemistry Processes 
              • Pack Carburizing
            • Selective Surface Heating Processes
          • Steelmaking 
            • Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
            • See: AIST Steel Wheel Reference
      • Nonferrous Metals 
        • Aluminum 
          • The Aluminum Association
          • Wrought Aluminum Alloy Designation System 
            • 1000 Series Aluminum (Pure)
            • 2000 Series Aluminum (Copper)
            • 3000 Series Aluminum (Manganese)
            • 4000 Series Aluminum (Silicon)
            • 5000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium)
            • 6000 Series Aluminum (Magnesium + Silicon)
            • 7000 Series Aluminum (Zinc)
          • Aluminum Standards
        • Copper 
          • Copper Alloys 
            • Free Machining Brass
            • ToughMet Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloys
          • Copper Development Association
        • Lead
        • Magnesium 
          • International Magnesium Association
        • Nickel 
          • Nickel Institute
        • Titanium 
          • International Titanium Association
        • Zinc
      • Atomic Structure of Metals
      • ASM International
    • Industrial Gasses 
      • Acetylene
      • Argon
      • Carbon Dioxide
      • Oxygen
      • Compressed Gas Cylinder Colors
    • Polymers 
      • Elastomers 
        • Silicone Rubber
    • Ceramics, Glass, and Carbon 
      • Polycrystalline Diamond
      • Aluminum Oxide
      • The American Ceramics Society
      • Tungsten Carbide
      • Silicon Carbide
    • Wood Products 
      • Lumber – Mechanical Defects
      • Unbleached Kraft Linerboard
    • Engineering Fluids and Lubricants 
      • Petroleum Products 
        • SAE Motor Oil Viscosity Ratings
        • Gasoline (Petrol) 
          • Octane Ratings
      • See Also: Coatings
      • Determine Percent Concentration
      • Calculating Coolant Additions
    • ASTM International
    • Material Geometry and Configurations
  • Manufacturing Processes & Technology 
    • Separating Processes 
      • Machining Processes (Mechanical Separating) 
        • Machine Tools
        • Milling Machines and Operations 
          • Milling Operations, Tools, and Strategies 
            • Climb Milling And Conventional Milling
            • Right and Left Handed End Mills
            • Boring Head – Mill
            • Face Milling
            • Contour Milling
            • DFM – Reducing Costs of Machined Fillets
            • Side Milling
            • Slot Milling
            • End Mill Geometry 
              • Dish Angle
              • Flute
              • Gash
              • Heel
              • Helix Angle
              • Peripheral Cutting Edge
              • Primary Relief Angle
              • Primary Relief Land
              • Rake Angle
              • Secondary Relief Angle
              • Secondary Relief Land
            • High Feed Mills
        • Grinding and Abrasive Machining 
          • Water Jet Cutting
          • Surface Grinding
          • Handheld Grinding
          • Tool and Cutter Grinding
          • Creep Feed Grinding
          • Media Blasting 
            • Shot Blasting and Peening
            • Vapor Blasting
            • Abrasive Blasting Media
          • Lapping
        • Lathes and Turning Operations 
          • Lathe Components and Configurations 
            • Swing
            • Distance Between Centers
            • Spindle Bore Diameter
            • Headstock
            • Spindle and Spindle Nose
            • Lathe Bed
            • Bedways
            • Apron
            • Saddle
            • Carriage
            • Tailstock
            • Rack & Pinion
            • Feedrod
            • Leadscrew
            • Half-Nut Lever
          • Lathe Operations 
            • Straight Turning
            • Facing
            • Taper Turning
            • Boring
            • Contour Turning
            • Form Turning
            • Parting, Parting Off
            • Drilling on a Lathe 
              • Center Drilling
            • Internal Threading
            • External Threading
            • Grooving or Necking
            • Knurling
        • Drilling and Holemaking 
          • Drill Tip Depth Calculator
          • Drill Press
          • DFM – Hole Design Strategies
        • Machining Parameters 
          • Cutting Speed (Vc)
          • Feed Rate (F)
          • Depth of Cut (ap and ae)
          • Machining Plastics
          • Machining Titanium
        • Sawing 
          • Band Sawing 
            • Convoluted Foam Cutting (Egg Crate)
        • Shapers and Planers
      • Thermal Separating 
        • Laser Beam Cutting
        • Oxyfuel Gas Cutting
        • Plasma Cutting
        • Air Carbon Arc Gouging
        • Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) 
          • Wire EDM
          • Sinker (or Ram) EDM
      • Chemical Separating Processes 
        • Photochemical Machining
    • Casting Processes 
      • Casting Terminology 
        • Core (Casting)
      • Sand Casting 
        • Match Plate Pattern
        • Flaskless Casting
        • Sand Casting Procedure
      • Polymer Casting
      • Die Casting 
        • Die Casting Terminology
        • Hot and Cold Chamber Die Casting Machines
      • Continuous Casting 
        • Continuous Upward Casting
      • Centrifugal Casting
      • Rubber Mold Casting
      • Rubber Plaster Mold Casting
    • Forming Processes 
      • Sheet, Wire, and Tube Forming Processes 
        • Section Bending
        • Wire Winding
        • Sheet Metal Processes 
          • Shearing 
            • Right Angle Shearing
            • Slitting (Sheet Metal Process)
          • Punching 
            • Blanking (Sheet Metal Process)
            • Turret Punch Press
          • Bending (Sheet Metal Process) 
            • Sheet Metal Brakes 
              • Automated Bending Centers
              • Press Brakes
          • Incremental Sheet Forming
          • Embossing
          • Spinning
          • Stamping
      • Bulk Forming Processes
      • Power Presses
    • Polymer Processes 
      • Rotational Molding
      • Hot Wire Foam Cutting
      • See Also: Polymer Casting
      • See Also: Machining Plastics
      • Injection Molding 
        • Overmolding
        • Injection Molding Defects 
          • Warpage (Molding Defect)
          • Sink Marks
          • Flash
          • Short Shots
          • Weld Lines
          • Splay Marks
          • Jetting
          • Burn Marks
          • Voids and Air Traps
          • Overpacking
          • Delamination
      • Extrusion (Plastics)
      • Composites Manufacturing Processes 
        • Adaptive Mold Technology
      • Compression Molding
      • Blow Molding 
        • Extrusion Blow Molding
        • Injection Blow Molding
    • Surface and Edge Modification 
      • Functional and Decorative Texturing 
        • Half-Moon Flaking
        • Laser Texturing
      • Surface Texture: Roughness, Waviness and Lay 
        • Surface Texture: Lay 
          • Crossed Lay
      • Coatings 
        • Organic Coatings 
          • Primers
          • Drying Oils
          • Varnish 
            • Spirit Varnish (Shellac)
          • Lacquer
          • Enamels
          • Latex Paints
          • Bituminous Coatings
          • Synthetic Coating Resins
          • Coating Methods 
            • Spray Coating
            • Powder Coating 
              • Masking Features before Powder Coating
            • Electrocoating (E-Coating)
        • Inorganic Coatings 
          • Conversion Coatings 
            • Aluminum Anodizing
            • Chromate Conversion Coatings 
              • Alodine
              • Iridite
              • Zinc Chromate Coatings
          • Zinc Coatings 
            • Zinc Plating Dyes
      • Cleaning 
        • Ultrasonic Cleaning
        • Solvent Cleaning 
          • Vapor Degreasing
        • Aqueous Cleaning
        • Descaling Processes
      • See Also: Media Blasting
    • Thermal Joining 
      • Welding 
        • Arc Welding 
          • Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
          • Flux-Core Arc Welding (FCAW)
          • Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
          • Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
          • Arc Stud Welding (SW)
        • Unique Welding Processes 
          • Flash Welding
          • Thermite Welding
      • Soldering 
        • Soldering Videos
    • Glass Processes 
      • Glass Blow Molding
    • Additive Manufacturing 
      • Binder Jetting Processes
      • Directed Energy Deposition
    • Workholding 
      • Layout and Setup Tooling 
        • Layout Dye
        • Sine Bar
        • Bench Block
        • V-Blocks
        • 1-2-3 Blocks
        • Expanding Mandrels
        • Surface Gauge
        • Adjustable Parallels
        • Planer Gauge
    • Assembly and Mechanical Joining 
      • Sealing 
        • IP Ratings
        • O-Rings
  • Metrology 
    • Measurement Practice Sheets 
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (8 and 16 divisions)
      • Tape Measure Practice Sheets (16 and 32 Divisions)
      • Ruler Practice Sheets (Inch with 32 and 64 divisions)
      • Machinists Rule Practice Sheets – inch (10 & 100 divisions)
      • Dial Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Vernier Caliper Practice Sheets (inch and mm)
      • Micrometer Practice Sheets (inch & mm)
      • Inch Dial Caliper Practice Sheets
      • Inch Dial Caliper Animation
    • Measuring Devices 
      • Reference Standards 
        • Gauge Blocks
        • Surface Plates 
          • Other Granite Master Tools
        • Pin Gauge
      • Hole and Cylinder Measure 
        • Three-Point Micrometer
        • Bore Gauge
        • Inside Hole Calipers
        • Telescoping Bore Gauge
        • Inside Micrometer
        • Small Bore Gauge
        • Coaxial Indicator
      • Graduated Instruments 
        • How to Read a Tape Measure (Inches) 
          • Fractions and Decimals on an Inch Tape Measure
        • How to Read an Inch Machinist’s Rule – 10 & 100
        • Micrometers 
          • Indicating Micrometers
        • Calipers 
          • How to Read Dial Calipers – Inch
          • Vernier Caliper – Metric
          • Dial Caliper Practice Quiz
      • Comparison Gauges 
        • Feeler Gauge
        • Go-No Go Gauge 
          • Snap Gauge
          • Ring Gauge
          • Flush-Pin Gauge
        • Center Gauge
        • Surface Finish Comparator
        • Optical Comparator (Profile Projector)
        • Radius Gauge
        • Thread Pitch Gauge
        • Optical Flat
    • Calibration and Traceability 
      • NIST – The National Institute of Standards and Technology
      • The Moore M48 Coordinate Measuring Machine
  • Occupational Safety 
    • Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
    • Safety Guidelines 
      • Safety Guidelines – Soldering (Iron Soldering)
      • Machine Shop Safety – Eye Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Entanglement Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Impact Hazards
      • Machine Shop Safety – Crushing Hazards
    • OSHA Accident Reports
  • Computer Numerical Control (CNC) 
    • History of CNC Technology 
      • Tracer Lathe & Mills
    • The Language of G-Code 
      • G00 – Rapid
      • G01 – Linear Interpolation
      • G02 and G03 – Circular Interpolation
      • G17, G18, and G19 – Plane Selection
      • G90 and G91 – Absolute Vs. Incremental Coordinates
  • Student Project Examples 
    • Torque-Limiting Tapping Head 
      • Torque-Limiting Floating Tapping Head Video
      • 4th Axis Table Quick Mount
    • RC Car Project (2025)
    • Process Validation of an IACV Screw 
      • Eric Ng Additional Project Files
    • Hay Hook 
      • Collin Hill Additional Project Files
    • Mrs. Quackers: An IOT Integrated Duck
    • Sophomore Project – Bike Light
    • Yaskawa HC10 Machine Tending using RFID
    • Machine Tending Lathe Project
    • Yaskawa HC10 Machine Tending with Locus Vector AMR
    • Fret Wire Bender (TECH 2908 F25)
  • Calculators 
    • Drilling Calculators
    • Threading Calculators
  • Delta Made Workforce Pathways 
    • Badges 
      • Badge – Understanding Units
      • Badge – Inch Basics (1/8)
      • Badge – Reading a Ruler (inch 1/16)
      • Badge – Decimals and Rulers
      • Badge – Introduction to Electricity
  • About 
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    • SME S140 – The University of Memphis

: Worksheets – Rulers and Scales

Worksheets – Rulers and Scales

Rulers – 16ths and 32nds WorksheetDownload
Scales – Feet and InnchesDownload
Scales – MetricDownload
SHEET SC10-1A (ENGINEERS SCALE)Download
SHEET SC40-1A (ENGINEERS SCALE)Download
SHEET SCA-1A (ARCHITECTS SCALE)Download
SHEET SCM-1A (METRIC SCALES)Download
SHEET SCSP-1A (SPECIAL SCALES)Download

  • Engineer Scales
  • Metric Scales
  • 1/2 Size and 1/4 Size Scales
  • Architect Scales
  • Worksheets – Rulers and Scales

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